General Shortcut Keys
Alt + F1 Opens the Applications Menu.
Alt + F2 Displays the Run Application dialog.
Print Screen Takes a screenshot.
Alt + Print Screen Takes a screenshot of the window that has focus.
Ctrl + Alt + right arrow Switches to the workspace to the right of the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + left arrow Switches to the workspace to the left of the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + up arrow Switches to the workspace above the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + down arrow Switches to the workspace below the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + d Minimizes all windows, and gives focus to the desktop.
F1 Starts the online help browser, and displays appropriate online Help.
Window Shortcut Keys
Alt + Tab Switches between windows. When you use these shortcut keys, a list of windows that you can select is displayed. Release the keys to select a window.
Alt + Esc Switches between windows in reverse order. Release the keys to select a window.
F10 Opens the first menu on the left side of the menu bar.
Alt + spacebar Opens the Window Menu.
Arrow keys Moves the focus between items in a menu.
Return Chooses a menu item.
Esc Closes an open menu.
Ctrl + Alt + right arrow Switches to the workspace to the right of the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + left arrow Switches to the workspace to the left of the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + up arrow Switches to the workspace above the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + down arrow Switches to the workspace below the current workspace.
Ctrl + Alt + d Minimizes all windows, and gives focus to the desktop.
Panel Shortcut Keys
Ctrl + Alt + Tab Switches the focus between the panels and the desktop. When you use these shortcut keys, a list of items that you can select is displayed. Release the keys to select an item.
Ctrl + Alt + Esc Switches the focus between the panels and the desktop. Release the keys to select an item.
Ctrl + F10 Opens the popup menu for the selected panel.
Tab Switches the focus between objects on a panel.
Return Chooses the selected panel object or menu item.
Shift + F10 Opens the popup menu for the selected panel object.
Arrow keys Moves the focus between items in a menu. Moves the focus between interface items in an applet also.
Esc Closes an open menu.
F10 Opens the Applications menu from the Menu Bar , if the Menu Bar is in a panel.
Application Shortcut Keys
Shortcut Keys Command
Ctrl + N New
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + Z Undo
Ctrl + S Save
Ctrl + Q Quit
FOR KDE:
Alt-F2 Execute Command
Ctrl - B Add Bookmark
Ctrl-Esc List of running applications.
Ctrl - W Close
Alt-Tab Switch forward among windows
Ctrl - C Copy
Alt-Shift-Tab Switch backward among windows
Ctrl - End End
Ctrl - F1 to F12 Switch to Desktop 1 - 12
Ctrl - F Find
Shift-Ctrl-F1 to F4 Switch to Desktop 13 to 16
F3 Find Next
Ctrl-Alt-Esc Kill Window (Click on the window to action the kill.)
Ctrl - F3 Find Prev
Ctrl-Alt-Delete Logout (To complete logout process, Tab & Enter)
F1 Help
F12 Toggle cursor key mouse emulation
Ctrl - Home Home
Alt - F1 Popup KDE launch menu
Ctrl - Insert Insert
Ctrl-Tab Switch forward one desktop
Ctrl - N New
Ctrl-Shift-Tab Switch back one desktop
Ctrl - Down Next Complete Match
Alt - F4 Window close
Down Next Item in List
Alt - F3 Window open menu
Ctrl - O Open
Ctrl - V Paste
"Windows" Menu Popup Menu Context
Ctrl - Up Previous Complete Match
Up Previous Item in list
Ctrl - P Print
Page Up Prior
Ctrl - Q Quit
Ctrl-Shift-Z Redo
F5 Reload
Ctrl - R Replace
Ctrl - S Save
Ctrl - A Select All
Ctrl - E Text Completion
Ctrl - Z Undo
Shift - F1 What's this
Ctrl - Plus (+) Zoom In
Ctrl - Minus (-) Zoom Out
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Topic
PC Assembly
Overview:
This section provides a step-by-step guide to assembling a PC, and includes descriptions and photographs of the parts that are involved. It is derived from web resources cited in the text; a particularly clear and informative resource has been Craig Reid’s Hardware Installation Guide available at http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/. Some of its structure has been adopted here.
Graphics and photographs are used with their creators’ permission.
The guide is intended as a sample workshop document to guide trainee staff through the assembly of PCs.
PC Assembly Guide
Before starting, verify that you have all of the necessary components at your workstation. Refer to the Components List for a description of parts listed below.
Checklist
1 IDE Hard Drive
1 Memory Module(s)
1 PCI Network Interface Card
1 Video Card (optional)
1 IDE CD ROM
1 IDE Floppy Drive
1 Processor
1 Heat Sync and Fan
2 IDE Cables
1 Floppy Drive Cable
1 Power Supply
Tools You Will Need
(www.how-computers-work.com/disassemble-the-computer.html)
Slot Screwdriver Set
1 Chip Puller
1 Needle-Nose Pliers
1 Tweezers
1 Hex-Head Allen-Wrench Set
Phillips screwdriver - you will use this the most as all screws are this type.
Torx screwdriver - most common size is T-10.
Long nose pliers - for picking up those tiny screws you drop.
A cup - to hold the small screws.
Pen and paper - for diagramming the component connections before you disassemble the computer.
Anti-static bag(s) - to prevent ESD damage to expansion card
Before you start:
Clean your work area of dust, debris, and anything else that might get in the way.
You must also take precautions against static electricity. A static discharge can damage or ruin your computer. Before opening your computer case and touching or removing any parts inside, you should ground yourself with a grounding strap.
A grounding strap prevents static electricity from building up in your body and discharging into the equipment. Static electricity can sometimes acquire a charge of 10,000 volts. Eighty volts are enough to hurt a computer.
General handling notes:
(1) Touch things as little as possible.
(2) Hold the parts by their edges.
(3) Avoid touching the motherboard components, chips, connectors, and leads.
(4) Avoid touching memory module contacts and chips
(5) Place the parts on a grounded antistatic surface or on the antistatic bag in which it came.
Basic Precautions:
Computer assembly requires some basic precautions:
“Never force computer parts into place - If you have to force a part into place, it is possible that you are inserting the wrong component or installing it improperly. Stop and check to see what you are doing wrong before you continue to build your computer.
Never open the power supply - The power supply has extremely high voltages inside which can be extremely dangerous.
Never work on your computer with the power on - Doing so can cause electrical surges that can damage your computer parts.”
http://www.build-your-own-cheap-computer.com/build-your-own-cheap-computer.html
Assembling a computer
This tutorial assumes that the motherboard has already been fitted into the case. If both the case and the motherboard are new, and haven’t been fitted, consult the product documentation for guidelines on attaching the motherboard to the case. There are too many variations in case shape and mounting method too document the procedure effectively.
About.com describes the process at the following location: http://peripherals.about.com/library/weekly/aa082402b.htm.
However, nothing will be as accurate or as informative as the original manufacturer’s documentation, which can be a significant factor in deciding what to buy. Pcmech.com’s useful Build Your Own PC tutorial advises:
“Make sure to look at the manual for your board and make sure you can understand it. Most well known brands have decent manuals. Asus, Abit, FIC, Tyan, Shuttle and a few others come with nice manuals. Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites, and you can get support info there, too. If you don’t know who the manufacturer is, of their website is utterly useless, think twice about using the board”
– http://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step/
Links to many motherboard manuals are listed here:
http://users.iafrica.com/g/gl/glynhall/hohweb/man2.htm
A note on sequence:
Some may find it easier to fit the CPU and fan before fastening the motherboard into position; different shapes of motherboard and case may mean it’s easier to fit the motherboard first. Once again, documentation should advise you.
Open The Case
Different cases open in different ways.
For some cases you need to:
1. Remove 4 or 5 screws in the back of the case. Be sure these screws hold the case and not some other component like the power supply.
2. Slide the case forward on its slots and remove it.
For other cases
3. Remove one thumbscrew or one or two Phillips head screws from the back of your case that may hold one or more panels.
4. Remove the top panel and/or one or more necessary side panels.
Orienting Yourself
Whether the computer is tall and thin or wide and fat, all computers resemble each other on the inside. Typically, there is one large printed circuit board inside, with other boards and wires attached to it. (Not all computers have the devices listed on the picture below (many, for instance, don’t have a tape drive). But they all have a motherboard).
(http://www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/lesson10/lesson10-4.htm)
This large board is called the motherboard or the mainboard.
Here’s a close-up of the motherboard, with all its parts listed.
(http://www.techtutorials.com/tutorials/images/motherboard.jpg)
Here’s a more schematic view:
(http://www.pctechguide.com/01mboards.htm)
Installing Components:
As you can see by the shapes and connections on the motherboard, there are generally two kinds of ways to attach devices to the motherboard: via the slots, or via cables. Generally speaking, slot devices only need to be slid into the slots, but devices attached by cable need to be connected to the power supply as well as to the motherboard.
Installing Slot Devices:
(1) Installing the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU can be thought of as the "brains" of the computer. This is the component that receives requests from the user and translates these requests into data that the required components can understand.
Not all CPUs are shaped the same way, so not all boards can be fitted with all CPUs. The difference is in what’s called the CPU socket.
The typical socket is flat and square. To show you how to align the CPU with the socket where it needs to be installed, triangular, or bevelled, edges mark the location of Pin 1. Its shape matches angled corners on the socket. This helps to ensure that the CPU is oriented correctly.
But some older motherboard models, such as those built for Intel’s Pentium II machines, use a Single-Edge Connection socket, where the processor slides into a rectangular retainer. Two black sleeves rise up from the motherboard to hold the CPU and fan in place. Clips help to keep it secure.
Example 1 : Typical socket
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem- 05.html#processor
Example 2: The Single Edge Connector Socket (common to Pentium II and III)
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step1.htm
Installing the CPU
Locate the processor slot on the main board. Note that the processor only connects to the chamber one way.
For Square sockets: Because the CPU is so sensitive, its slot is very intricate. It’s flat and generally square. Examine the top of the processor that should have a small dot in one of the corners. This dot indicates where pin one is located on the bottom of the processor. Now look at the socket on the motherboard: this socket should have a missing hole or should have a 1 indicating pin one. Position the processor so both pin1 and hole1 match and then place the processor down.
Some newer processors also have another safety measure designed to protect the pins on the processor during insertion. It’s called a zif-socket, or a zero-insertion-force socket. The main addition is the presence of a lock to hold the CPU in place.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
Insertion is easy. Lift the lever lock. Then, as above, carefully install the CPU by aligning Pin 1 on the CPU with Pin 1 on the socket, making sure the pins actually fit into the socket. Do not force the CPU into the socket: check the pin alignment of the CPU pins to socket holes before pressing down. Lower the lever arm until the CPU is held in place.
For single edge connectors (SECs): Do not force the processor into the slot; make sure it’s oriented correctly. Find the exposed end of the processor and lower it onto the circuit, using the support arms as a guide. Press down firmly until the processor is securely seated into the chamber. Pull the retaining clips at the top of the chamber away from the processor to lock it down.
A Note on CPUs & Motherboards:
Not all CPUs match all motherboards. Most motherboards will accept more than one type of CPU as far as model, manufacturer, and speed is concerned, but they generally only accept one socket type. The motherboard's manual – even old ones are generally still available in web archives or on manufacturers’ websites - will tell you what different types of CPUs it will accommodate. The major CPU manufacturers include Intel, Motorola, IBM and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). For a thorough discussion of motherboard shapes (or form factors), design changes and evolution, visit: http://www.pctechguide.com/01mboards.htm
Heat Sink and Fan
If the CPU is brand new, you will have to attach a heat sink or cooler to it. A heat sink looks like a three-dimensional comb – rows and columns of metal teeth, each designed to lead heat away from the chip. A fan screws on top of the heat sink.
The heat sink will generally snap right into a notched brace that straddles the CPU socket. It’s a good idea to use what’s called thermal compound to make sure that there’s a snug fit between the chip and the heatsink. Thermal compound can be purchased from any computer parts dealer.
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
(http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem-06.html)
When attaching the heat sink clip to a socket processor be careful not to scratch the motherboard with the clip. Be gentle when attaching the heat sink bracket: if too much pressure is applied the plastic clip it will break.
Installing The Memory (RAM)
1) Locate the memory banks on the main board. Most main boards will have two or three black banks for memory slots.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
Make sure that the retention clips are open, or pressed outward from the banks. Slide the memory into the bank, making sure that the slot on the module orients to the slot on the bank. There is only one way the memory can fit properly. Make sure that the short row of pins is lined up with the short gap in the socket, just as the long row of pins should line up with the long gap in the socket.
4) Using two hands, press down (press and hold – don’t rock the module) on both sides of the memory until the retention clips lock into position. The clips will fold to lock in the memory under your pressure.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
You should not have to manually fold the retention clips. They are designed to fold into the lock position when the RAM is seated into its bank. If the retention clips do not fold, remove the chip and make sure that it is oriented correctly.
Installing PCI devices
The most common devices that slide into PCI (it stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots are network cards (or Network Interface Cards (NIC)) and sound cards.
PCIs are usually indicated on a main board as a white slot. They are most commonly anchored on the motherboard near the rear of the case so that external cables can be connected to them.
PCI slots. http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step1.htm
Most cards will simply slide into place in the way that RAM does. A notch in the bottom of the card matches a break in the PCI slot to make sure the device slides in the right way around.
After the PCI card is in place, its metal backplate should be flush with the rear of the case. Fasten it to the case with a screw through the pre-drilled hole. (The screw is typically supplied by the card manufacturer).
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
(http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem-10.html)
Installing the Video Card
It’s not always necessary to install a video card; some motherboards already have what’s called an on-board graphics chip. Video cards go in just the way PCI devices do, but sometimes they fit only into a specially designed slot called and AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) slot.
To find out if your motherboard has an on board graphics card, look at the rear of the computer to see if there’s a vga port, often coloured blue.. If it doesn’t have one of these already, you’ll need to install a video card to attach a monitor.
Installing IDE Devices
Three kinds of devices attach to the computer’s motherboard via a piece of cable called an IDE cable. The IDE cable is grey, thin and wide, with one hard plastic gridded fitting on each end; sometimes there’s one more fitting in the middle. Each fitting has a squared notch on one side, called a guide. It makes sure you can’t put the IDE cable in upside down.
The three devices that attach with an IDE cable are the hard drive, the CDROM and the floppy or stiffy drive.
The hard drive and CDROM should go on separate cables. The stiffy drive is also a device attached via IDE, but it has its own special type of cable.
Step One: Install the Hard Drive
It takes three steps to install a hard drive. Set the jumpers, connect the drive to the mainboard with an IDE cable, and insert the power cables. The latter two tasks are sometimes easier to do after the drive has been fit into the bay.
First let’s take a look at what a hard drive looks like at the back.
Hard drives that attach via an IDE cable are typically ATA hard drives. An ATA hard drive will typically have the two kinds of connections shown below. The row of pins on the left carry data; the row of thicker pins on the right supply electrical power from the power supply to the drive itself.
Another form of drive is a SCSI drive. All SCSI variations use one of three connectors: They look like this:
http://www.seagate.com/support/kb/disc/howto/interface_know.html
Set the Jumpers
A drive’s settings determine how it behaves with other drives. If two drives are on the same cable, you have to specify the priority of one drive in relation to the other. The terms used are master and slave.
These priorities are set using a small set of pins at the rear of the drive called jumpers. A movable plastic clip can be placed between a pair of jumper pins to trigger certain settings. Inside the plastic clip are pieces of metal that close a circuit when the jumper is in place. The state of the circuit (open or closed) determines the jumper setting.
The grid below refers to the jumper settings for Seagate’s ATA drives with capacities of more than 20GB. (Settings for other drives can be found at manufacturers’ websites).
http://www.seagate.com/support/kb/disc/howto/ata_install_tshoot.html
If a drive appears alone on the IDE cable, it should be set to master. It should be fitted to the connector at the end of the IDE cable (the master position), not to the one in the middle. It is possible to install an IDE device, such as the CD ROM, to the master position on the IDE cable while the jumper settings are set to slave. This configuration will work as long as that device does not share the IDE cable with any other device.
Use needle-nosed pliers to set the jumper in the correct position. The correct way to set the jumper switches is usually written somewhere on the case of the disk. If it is not, look for engraved abbreviations such as MA or SL above or below sets of pins.
Attach the cable
When connecting IDE devices to the main board, it is important that you correctly orient the IDE drive and the main board. If the IDE cable is not installed properly to the main board, the computer will not recognize any drive on that cable. If it is not correctly installed to the device, the computer will not recognize that device. Also, incorrect orientation of either the drive or the cable can damage the drive itself.
In order to reduce the chance of error, the IDE cable, the main board and the drive all have markings that help you tell if something is attached the right way around and anchor your orientation. These anchors are called Pin One. (It’s similar to the convention of marking pin one on the CPU with a slanted edge).
Pin one, in almost all instances, can be recognized on the IDE cable with a red stripe along one side of the length of the cable. This includes floppy drives. The connectors are shaped so that they can only slide into the board one way. If the IDE connectors are not slotted, you will have to look closely to the main board for the "1" pin. Most IDE devices are also slotted to ensure pin one is correctly oriented. If not, a general rule to follow is that pin one (the red strip) will face the power connection on the IDE device. Likewise, on most IDE devices, the red power wire will face the pin one on the IDE cable (red-red). The picture of the rear of the hard drive above clearly shows pin one next to the power supply.
Put one IDE connector into the back of the drive; put the other onto the connector on the main board, making sure that Pin 1 is oriented correctly (pin 1 is identified with a red stripe on the ribbon cable and by the number 1 on the primary master connector on the main board).
Each IDE connector on the main board should be labelled clearly. The picture below shows three male IDE connectors; the type and rank (FDC means floppy drive controller; IDE2 refers to the secondary IDE channel; IDE1 refers to the primary channel) is clearly printed next to the connector. The position of pin one is printed in smaller font next to the connectors themselves.
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step2.htm
Place the drive in the bay on the computer's chassis and secure the drive down using 4 drive screws.
Fitting the CD ROM
In most cases, you should install a CD-ROM drive as the secondary master. That means it’s on a separate IDE channel from the hard drive, but that it’s the highest priority on that channel. The steps resemble those applicable to hard drives: verify the jumpers, attach the cable connectors to the drive and to the board, and then fit the CDROM into its tray.
Verify that the drive is set to be a "Master" on a single IDE channel. The jumper settings are indicated on the drive itself.
Connect an IDE Ribbon cable to the main board making sure that Pin 1 is oriented correctly (pin 1 is identified with a red stripe on the ribbon cable and by the number 1 on the secondary master connector on the main board). Refer the graphic above for assistance.
Attach the CD-ROM drive to the IDE Ribbon Cable on its master position (at the end of the IDE Ribbon Cable). Make sure that the IDE Ribbon Cable is position to pin 1 on the CD-ROM drive (Pin 1 on the CD ROM drive faces the power connection).
Place the drive in the 5.25" bay at the top of the computer's chassis and secure the drive down using 4 drive screws.
Step Three: Install the Floppy Drive
The floppy or stiffy drive is also an IDE device, but its cable is narrower than the ones used to attach the CDROM and hard drive. The floppy drive controller cable is twisted at one end and split near the middle. The twist in the cable allows two floppy drives to be connected to the cable. The first one must be connected to the fitting placed after the twist in the cable (at the very end); the second must be attached to the middle connector. It’s very rare to install more than one stiffy drive in a computer any more.
Despite the difference in the width between the hard drive’s IDE cable and the floppy controller cable, the same conventions are used to attach the drive: the connectors are shaped or ‘keyed’ so that they can’t be put in upside down. The IDE ribbon cable should have a red stripe down one side to indicate where pin one is. Just as with the hard drive and CDROM, pin one on a floppy is typically closer to the power supply pins.
Align the IDE cable with pin one on the drive
Insert the connector into the drive
Align the IDE cable with pin one on the motherboard
Insert the cable into the fastener on the motherboard.
After attaching the IDE cable to the motherboard, fit the stiffy drive into place and secure it with screws.
Connecting the Power Supply:
The power supply is responsible for providing power to IDE devices and the main board itself. It converts DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) and supplies the correct amount of voltage to the computer hardware.
There are two main kinds of wires attached to the power supply: a 20-pin mainboard power cable, and a set of up to five rectangular, four-pin connectors used to supply power to the different drives on the computer. They each consist of four wires: 1 red, 1 yellow and 2 black. The shape of the milky-white plastic connectors ensure that they fit drives only one way. Older power supplies have two-piece power connectors.
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step3.htm
Although most power supplies have common power connectors, some main boards will require different connections to it. Make sure that you have read the main board guide and any component hardware guides before attempting to install the power supply.
Step 1: Inspect the power supply: Make sure it tightly attached to the case, make sure it is free of dust, and make sure it set to the voltage area of your area- 110V for the US and 220V for outside countries.
Step 2: Connect the power to the main board
Locate the main board's 20-pin power connection. Note that the power supply will only connect to this connector one way. Slide the power supply lead into the plastic fitting.
Step 3: Connect IDE devices
Once again, the floppy drive power supply is thinner than the ones for the CDROM and hard drive. The power slot on the IDE drive consists of just four thick pins; it’s easy to identify it because it’s so much bigger than the IDE connector and jumper pins next to it.
Attach each IDE device to the power supply via the four-pin white connector.
Step 4: Feed power lines from the case to the mainboard.
The final step in connecting the power is fitting the case’s switch, lights and speaker (a 6 or 8-cm speaker designed to sound warnings and issue beeps – it’s not for playing music) to the panel on the mainboard. The location of these connectors differs from board to board, but, generally speaking they’re clearly labelled – if you can read the small type and decipher the abbreviations. Often they all appear clustered together along one edge of the motherboard. The wiring for each device is thin, coloured, and sometimes twisted together in pairs or threes; plastic female connectors consist of two- or three-pin housings.
Here is a short list of the parts you’ll at least have to connect. There may be more.
Power switch - Power / PWR-SW
Reset switch - Reset
Power LED - Power LED / PWR-LED
Hard drive LED - HDD-LED / IDE LED
Speaker - SPK / Speaker
Post Assembly Visual Check
Work space within the system case is often very limited and it is very easy to accidentally loosen a connection. Before closing the case check the following one more time:
The 110/220V switch is set to 220V
The IDE cables are straight and secure.
The power cables are in place.
The CPU fan is free of stray wires that could obstruct its rotation.
Slot devices are properly fitted and fastened into place with a screw
Ports are well aligned with their holes in the case backing
The memory is firmly seated in place
No stray pieces of metal, wire or plastic are at risk of short circuiting the motherboard
The motherboard is well clear of contact with the case
Process Test & Preparation for installing an operating system
(adapted from FreeGeek’s FreekBox building how to
http://www.freegeek.org/howto/building/allinone.html)
Plug the monitor and computer in and turn the machine on. Make sure there is no disk in the floppy drive. There should be no disk in the CD Rom tray either. Since the hard drive has been formatted, the computer should boot only into the bios, and then stop the boot process when it can’t find an operating system. It’s safe to reboot or turn off the computer when it complains it can’t find an operating systen.
So boot the computer a few times to check that everything’s detected and working, then shut down the machine. Then check to see if the CPU or hard drive are especially hot.
Check for the following
Does the power light come on?
Can you hear the CPU fan and see it spin?
Put your hand over the power supply fan grille. Is it pushing out air?
Did the lights on the keyboard flash once a few seconds after the computer came on?
Now watch the POST (Power On Self Test) process. The POST is a series of checks that the BIOS program (more on BIOS later) runs to make sure that all the hardware is in working order. While the BIOS is performing the POST process it will usually display information about some of the hardware it finds. At the least, it will almost always display the speed of the processor and how much RAM it finds. Take note of these values. Is the processor detected? Is all of the RAM you inserted being detected? Generally, the BIOS will cause a single beep to be sounded if the POST is successful or will sound multiple or continuous beeps if the POST fails.
Common problems include:
Nothing happens. The screen is blank and the computer looks dead:
Check the power supply and its connection to the mainboard.
Check the cord from the power supply to actual power outlet. Do other devices work on that outlet?
You hear multiple or continuous beeps:
Did you forget to put RAM into the machine?
Is video card seated correctly in slot?
Try swapping memory or video card.
You see some kind of image or corporate logo, but no useful information:
POST is probably happening. Read the screen for instructions, or try pressing ESC or TAB.
Machine seems to turn on but the screen is blank:
Is the video card seated correctly in slot?
Try swapping the memory or video card.
Possibly the processor is bad?
Keyboard failure:
Check that the keyboard is plugged in to the appropriate port. (It's easy on PS/2 systems to get it plugged into the mouse port accidentally).
Try swapping the keyboard
The floppy drive light should turn on during boot, but it shouldn’t be on all the time. If it is, it means the IDE cable is backward, and the pin one on the cable is misaligned. Turn the computer off and reconnect it.
If the system passes all of these qualitative tests, reboot it.
Watch POST again, and then try to enter the bios as it reboots.
Enter BIOS Setup
Is the BIOS functioning, or is it password protected?
The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a small program that exists in a special chip on the mainboard. You may not have thought about it before, but how does the computer know what to do when you first power it on? This is one of the primary functions of the BIOS: to get the computer up and running when you turn on the power. The BIOS also controls various aspects of the mainboards hardware, such as the RAM, integrated peripherals (e.g. serial ports, parallel port, USB, video), and startup options. Most every computer you may encounter will have a BIOS configuration area which is usally accessible by pressing a special key just after the computer is powered on.
Each BIOS is different. There are several companies which develop BIOS programs and each has a unique way of doing things. The interfaces are different, and the various options may have different names. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that regardless of the interface, the basic functionality of all BIOSs is roughly equivalent. Although the number of settings can at first seem daunting, it is good consolation to know that, for our purposes, the default settings are generally desirable.
Getting into the BIOS setup area:
Pay close attention to the monitor after you first power on the machine. Various information will be printed to the screen and there will almost always be an indication as to how to enter the BIOS setup area. Look for text similar to "Setup", "Enter setup", "BIOS settings", or the like. Next to this text should be an indication as to which key you need to press to get into the BIOS setup area. Depending on the type and version of BIOS this key will change, but will almost always be one of the following: Del, F1, F2, F10, or Esc. You will generally have a limited amount of time to press this key before the BIOS takes this option away, so keep your eyes on the screen and act quickly.
Restore BIOS Defaults
1. Reset the Bios to default settings
Detailed Instructions
We don't know who, or under what circumstances, the previous owner operated this machine. Therefore, we will do ourselves a huge favor and avoid headaches by reverting the BIOS to default or factory settings before we do anything else. When you first enter the BIOS setup area look around the screen for an option that refers to "BIOS defaults" or "Setup defaults". Exercise this option.
Auto Detect Hard Drive
In BIOS there should be an option that looks somewhat like
"IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION"
Select this option to configure your hard drive. It should give you multiple choices, but go with the default.
This will only detect your hardrive, so don't worry if it comes up blank for the IDE channel that your CD-Rom is attached to.
Set Boot Order
1. Set the floppy drive as the first boot device
Browse around the BIOS and look for an option that indicates boot order or sequence. We want the machine to always attempt to boot from a floppy disk prior to attempting a boot from the hard disk. Generally, this is the default setting, but we should double check that this is the case. Many times the BIOS will refer to boot order in terms of "A" and "C". "A" refers to your floppy disk and "C" refers to your hard disk. If your BIOS refers to boot order in these terms, make sure that the order is something like "A,C...". It doesn't matter what comes after "C", just that the order starts with "A,C..."
Save and exit the bios. The computer will reboot. When it finishes POST, turn the computer off.
Check the CPU heat sink and the hard drive. Each should feel a little warm, but not hot.
Replace the case and move the computer to the configuration area.
"This document is based on draft text taken from the bridges.org report
"Set-up and Operation of a Computer Production and Support Centre - A
How-To Guide", to be published July 2004."
Glossary
Access privileges
Permissions granted to a user or group of users to perform various operations on a file or folder (directory). See permission.
Action
A desktop construct that provides a method for running applications, executing commands, and other activities such as printing, removing files, and changing directories. Actions are defined in a database of configuration files.
Action icon
An icon that represents an action in a File Manager or Application Manager window, or in the workspace. An action icon is created by creating an empty executable file with the same name as the action it represents.
action label
The name displayed under the icon of an action. See action name.
action name
The name associated with an action, which by default is displayed under the icon for the action. See action label.
active
A window, window element, or icon that is currently affected by keyboard and mouse input. Active windows are differentiated from other windows on the workspace by a distinctive title-bar color or shade. An active window element is indicated by a highlight or selection cursor.
active window
A window that receives keyboard input.
address
An electronic mail location of a user.
alias
An alternative name or names assigned to a program or to an electronic mail address.
In electronic mail, an address for mailing to a group of users. An alias can be created to send electronic mail to a small group of people or to many people.
AppBuilder
A software application used for constructing a graphical user interface.
application
See software application.
application group
An Application Manager folder that holds a specific software application or set of software applications.
application icon
See action icon.
Application Manager
A window containing objects representing the system actions available to you.
application server
A host computer where applications can be run.
Apply
A choice that causes a selection (or group of selections) in a dialog box to take effect.
Appointment Editor
In Calendar, a window you use to schedule, change, or delete an appointment.
Appointment List
A chronological list of appointments displayed by Calendar.
arrow button
An element of a scroll bar used to scroll a window by small increments. Also, a control in the Front Panel used to slide up or slide down a subpanel.
arrow keys
The four directional keys on a keyboard. Also see navigation keys.
attachment
In Mailer, a data object within an electronic mail message that is displayed as an icon in the Attachments list. An attachment can be text, sound, or a graphic. Multiple messages can be added (attached) to a single electronic mail message.
backdrop
The pattern that covers the workspace background.
background
The underlying area of a window on which elements, such as buttons and lists, are displayed.
Backtrack
In Help Manager, a button and Navigate menu item you use to follow links backward, in the reverse order they were traversed.
base name
The file name of an icon file minus the file-name suffixes for size (.l, .m, .s, .t) and type (.bm, .pm). For example, the base name of an icon file named myicon.m.pm is myicon.
bitmap
An image stored in a raster format. Usually refers to an image limited to two colors (a foreground and a background color). Contrast with pixmap.
busy light
A control that blinks when a Front Panel action has been invoked prior to the appearance of a window or when reloading actions.
button
A generic term for a window control. See push button.
C-D
Calculator
A software application that mimics the function of a hand-held calculator.
Calendar
A software application that enables you to schedule appointments and create To Do lists.
Calendar view
The day, week, month, or year displayed in the main Calendar window.
Cancel
A push button that removes a window without applying any changes made in that window.
CDE
An acronym for Common Desktop Environment, a graphical user interface running on UNIX.
check box
A nonexclusive control whose setting is indicated by the presence or absence of a check mark. A check box has two states, on and off.
choose
To use the mouse or keyboard to pick a menu item, button, or icon that begins a command or action. Contrast with select.
click
To press and release a mouse button without moving the mouse pointer. Unless otherwise specified, mouse button 1 is assumed.
client
A system or software application that requests services from another application, usually across a network.
clipboard
A buffer that temporarily stores the last cut, copy, or pasted data.
Clock
A Front Panel control that displays the local time.
Close
A menu item used to remove a window and all related secondary windows from all workspaces.
command-line prompt
A prompt, usually %, >, or $, that shows the computer is ready to accept commands. In a terminal emulation window, you display the command-line prompt by pressing Return.
Compose window
In Mailer, the window you use to create new electronic mail messages. Several message-composing options are available from the Compose window menu bar.
configuration file
A file that is used to customize the properties of an application.
container
A control intended to hold objects or data. A folder and a notebook are examples of containers.
In Mailer, your electronic mailbox and filing system that contains all mail messages. Once a message is put in a container, you can display, modify, delete, print, include, forward, and reply to it.
control
A generic term for a variety of elements (such as buttons, check boxes, and scroll bars) that perform an action or indicate an option setting. See Front Panel control.
Create Action
A software application that enables you to associate an icon with a command so that the command can be issued by clicking on the icon. Create Action is also used to define specific data types for an application's data files and to associate icons with those data types.
current folder
The currently opened folder in an active File Manager view.
current item, current selection
The currently highlighted item in a list.
current session
The session saved by Session Manager when you log off. At the next login, unless you specify otherwise, this session automatically opens, enabling work to continue where you left off. Contrast with home session.
cursor
A graphical device that shows the area that will receive keyboard or pointing device input.
customization
The process of changing settings to alter the appearance and behavior of the desktop and applications running on the desktop.
data type
A mechanism that associates particular data files with the appropriate applications and actions. Data types can determine the type of a file based on file-naming conventions, such as a particular extension name, or on the contents of the file.
default
A value set automatically by an application.
desktop
See workspace.
dialog box
A window displayed by an application that requires user input.
dimmed
Reduced contrast to show unavailable emphasis.
directory
A collection of files and other subdirectories. In graphical user interface applications, may be called a folder.
double-click
To quickly press a mouse button twice without moving the mouse pointer. Unless otherwise specified, mouse button 1 is assumed. Double-clicking can often be used as an alternative to selecting menu items.
drag
To press and hold down any mouse button while moving the pointer—and the object under the pointer—on the screen.
drag and drop
To directly manipulate an icon by using a pointing device to move and place the icon somewhere else. Also referred to as drag transfer.
drag transfer
See drag and drop.
drop
After starting the drag of an object, the act of releasing the mouse button. If the object is dropped in an appropriate area, an action is initiated.
drop target
A rectangular graphic that represents the drop zone in an application.
drop zone
An area of the workspace, including the Trash Can, Print Manager, and Mailer Front Panel controls, that accepts a dropped icon. Icons can be dropped on the workspace for quick access.
E-F
element
A generic term for any entity that can be considered a standalone item in a broader context, such as an item in a list or a control in a window.
email
Short name for "electronic mail." Email usually describes text messages addressed and sent to you electronically and are received in your electronic mailbox. Sometimes just known as "mail."
environment variables
Standard UNIX variables that are used by the shell and by applications.
error message
A message that requires the user's immediate attention. Error messages are used to convey a message about a user error.
execute
A file or folder (directory) access permission. For files, execute permission enables the user to run a program or shell script file. For folders (directories), execute permission enables the user to access the folder (directory) contents.
Exit button
A Front Panel control used to log out of the desktop.
extended selection
To add multiple items to a selected set by augmenting the selection technique. For example, you can add to a selection by moving the pointer to a new item and pressing Control and the SELECT mouse button simultaneously.
file
A unit of data, such as text, program, image, and so on, that is stored in a folder (directory).
File Manager
The software application that manages the files and directories on your system.
file name
The name of the file as it is stored in a folder (directory) or on a storage device. A file name consists of a base name and any suffixes. A fully qualified file name also includes the path.
file server
A host computer that stores data files used by applications.
file suffix
A suffix added to the end of a file name, often used in file typing or to categorize files for the user.
file type
Characteristics of a file that determine how it is used. The type of a file may be determined by a portion of its name (for example, the file extension) or by its content.
filter
Used to display only objects that meet certain criteria, such as a name pattern match, and to hide all other objects from view.
focus
The place to which keyboard input is directed, indicated by the highlight.
folder
An icon that represents a directory.
font
A complete set of characters (letters, digits, and special characters) of one size and one typeface. Ten-point Helvetica bold is an example of a font.
foreground
The content of a window and the color or shading used to distinguish it from the window's background.
Front Panel
A centrally located window containing controls for accessing applications and utilities, including the workspace switch. The Front Panel occupies all workspaces.
Front Panel control
An object in the Front Panel used as an interface to basic system services and frequently performed tasks and operations. Controls in the default Front Panel are: Clock, Calendar, Mailer, Text Editor, Help Viewer, File Manager, Printer, Style Manager, Application Manager, and Trash Can.
Front Panel move handles
An area on each end of the Front Panel used for moving the Front Panel and for bringing it to the front of the workspace.
G-H
grab handles (or handles)
The small squares displayed at the corners and midpoints of a selected graphic element.
group
A collection of users who are referred to by a common name.
Also, permission setting that determines a group's access to files.
Group Appointment
In Calendar, an appointment for a group of people, scheduled using the Group Appointment Editor.
header
In Mailer, the basic information about an electronic mail message as it appears in the mailer container. A message header displays the name of the sender, subject, the date and time it was received, and message size.
Help
A button or menu item used to access information about objects, choices, tasks, and error messages.
help family
A set of help volumes that provide online information about related applications.
Help Index
An alphabetic listing of help topics.
help key
A designated key, usually the F1 key, used to request online help information about what the cursor is currently on.
Some keyboards have a dedicated Help key that may take the place of F1.
Help Manager
A special help volume that lists all the online help registered on your system.
Help Viewer
The software application that displays online help.
help volume
A complete body of help information about a subject.
help window
A secondary window that displays help information.
hierarchical file system
A way to organize data on computer systems using a hierarchy of containers, often called folders (directories) and files. In this scheme, folders may contain other folders and files. The successive containment of folders within folders creates the levels of organization, which is the hierarchy.
highlight
(v) To make something stand out on the screen by selecting or choosing it. Also (n) the visual indicator that something is selected.
history
A list of the most recently accessed commands, files, folders, or help topics.
home directory
A directory where you keep personal files and additional directories. In graphical user interface applications, may be called the home folder.
home folder
A folder where you keep personal files and additional directories. By default, File Manager and Terminal Emulator windows are set to the home folder when you first open them. When discussing command-line activities, may be called the home directory.
home session
A choice at logout to designate a particular session, other than the one you are currently in, as the one you will automatically return to at the next login.
HomeDirectory
Symbolizes your home directory. For example: If your home directory is /users/anna, then /HomeDirectory/bitmaps/smile.bm represents /users/anna/bitmaps/smile.bm.
host
A computer system.
hyperlink
In Help text, text or a graphic you click to display another Help topic.
I-J
icon
A graphical representation of an object consisting of an image, an image background, and a label. An icon can be directly manipulated.
Icon Editor
The software application used to create new icons and to modify existing icons.
Inbox
The main or default Mailer container. The Inbox receives all incoming mail. Messages can be moved out of the Inbox and put in various containers.
index
In a help volume, an alphabetical list of words or phrases that can be searched to find help on a subject. The Help System displays the index when you choose the Index button in a help button dialog.
insertion point
The point at which data typed on the keyboard, or pasted from the clipboard or a file, appears on the screen. In text, a synonym for cursor.
Install Icon
An item on a subpanel used to install icons into the Front Panel using drag and drop.
ITE
Internal Terminal Emulator. ITE allows use of a bitmapped display as a terminal (through command-line mode from the login screen).
items
Elements in a list or menu.
K-L
label
The text appearing next to an icon or control that names the element.
link
Synonym for symbolic link.
list
A control that contains elements from which you select. Also called selection list.
Lock button
A Front Panel control used to lock the screen.
log in
To supply a user name and password to gain access to a system or desktop session.
log out
To terminate or end access to a system or desktop session.
login
The process of gaining access to a system.
logout
The termination of a desktop session.
M-N
Mailer
An application that enables you to send, receive, and compose electronic mail messages.
mailer container
The electronic mail box and filing system that contains all mail messages. Once a message is put in a container, you can display, modify, delete, print, include, forward, and reply to it.
Mailer control
The Front Panel control used to start the Mailer software application. Dropping a file on the control loads the file into the Mailer Compose window.
Main Panel
The portion of the Front Panel excluding the subpanels.
mapping
A method of using one action to run another action. Also, a pairing of entities in one set with those in another set.
Maximize
A choice that enlarges a window to its largest possible size.
maximize button
A button on a window's title bar that you choose to display the window in its largest size.
menu
A list of items from which you select to perform a particular application task. Also see submenu.
menu bar
The part of the application window between the title bar and the work area where menu names are listed.
menu item
An element in a menu that represents a choice (for example, Copy on the Edit menu).
Minimize
To turn a window into an icon. The push button that minimizes a window is located near the upper right corner of the window frame.
minimize button
A button on a window's title bar that you choose to display the window as an icon.
mnemonic
A single, underlined character in a command. The mnemonic indicates that you can choose the command by typing that letter. Mnemonics are used most commonly in menu commands; however, other buttons may also have mnemonics.
modifier key
A key that when pressed and held along with another key or mouse button changes the meaning of the second key or mouse click. Control, Alt, and Shift are examples.
mouse
A device for moving the pointer and making selections.
mouse button
A mechanism on a mouse that you press to make selections.
mouse button 1
On a mouse, the leftmost button when configured for right-handed use; the rightmost button when configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 1 is primarily used for selection, and is the default button for the "click" instruction.
mouse button 2
On a three-button mouse, the middle button. On a two-button mouse, the right button if configured for right-handed use or the left button if configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 2 has two modes: Transfer and Adjust.
mouse button 3
On a mouse, the rightmost button when configured for right-handed use; the leftmost button when configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 3 activates pop-up menus.
Move
A window menu choice used to put a window in a different location on the screen.
navigation keys
The keyboard keys used to move the current location of the cursor. These include the arrow keys (with or without the Control key); the Tab key (with or without the Control or Shift keys); the Begin and End keys (with or without the Control key); and the Page Up and Page Down keys.
newline character
An unseen character that marks the end of a line of text in a document. It tells a printer or screen to break a line and start a new one.
O-P
object
Any logical piece of data that has associated behavior. For example, in File Manager, files, folders, actions, and applications are all considered objects. Each type of object has specific associated actions. Typically, each object is represented as an icon.
object type
A desktop mechanism used to associate particular data files with the appropriate applications and actions. Object typing defines the criteria for typing the file (such as name or contents), the appearance (the icon used in File Manager), and the behavior of the object (for example, what happens when you double-click it).
OK
A choice that accepts the information in a window and closes it. If the window contains changed information, those changes are applied before the window is closed.
On Item help
When you choose On Item from the Help menu, the cursor changes to a question mark and you can obtain information about a particular command, operation, dialog box, or control by clicking that object.
On Item Help control
A Front Panel control used to access item help information on the Front Panel.
overwrite
To replace.
page
To advance text displayed in a window by one full screen at a time, usually using a scroll bar.
palette
A range of graphically displayed choices, such as colors or collections of tools, that you can select in an application.
parent directory
A directory that contains subdirectories and files. In graphical user interface applications, this may be called the parent folder.
parent folder
A folder that contains subfolders and files. When discussing command-line activities, this may be called the parent directory.
password
A sequence of characters that users type to prove their identity to the system.
path
A text string that specifies the hierarchical location of a folder (directory).
pause
To temporarily suspend a process without ending it.
permission
A setting that determines how users or groups of users may access a file or folder (directory).
pixmap
An image stored in a raster format. Usually refers to an image that may have more than two colors. Contrast with bitmap.
point
To move the mouse until the pointer rests on a particular screen element or area.
pointer
A cursor that shows the area that receives input from a pointing device. The pointer can take the form of an arrow, an I-beam, a cross, or other graphic. Also see cursor.
pop-up menu
A menu that, when requested, is displayed next to the object with which it is associated. Pop-up menus are usually displayed by clicking mouse button 3 or pressing Shift+F10.
Print Manager
A software application that shows all the printers on your system.
print server
A host computer to which one or more printers are connected, or the UNIX process that manages those printers.
Print Setup
A dialog box that allows you to specify printer settings for the currently selected printer, such as page orientation (portrait or landscape), one- or two-sided printing, or which paper tray to use. Calendar, Mailer, and Text Editor display this dialog box when you double-click on the Setup button in their print dialog box.
Printer control
The Front Panel control used to start the Printer software application. Dropping a file on the control displays a dialog box you can use to print the file to the default printer.
Printer Jobs
A software application that provides information about jobs on a single printer.
program
A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute.
Properties
A menu item used to set characteristics of an item, such as its date or name, or display identifying characteristics of an item, such as typefaces.
pull-down menu
A menu of related choices that extends from a cascading choice when you click mouse button 1 on a menu bar item or the Window menu button.
push button
A control that immediately starts an action by an application, usually executing a command (such as Apply), displaying a window, or displaying a menu.
Q-R
queue
An ordered list of jobs waiting to be performed.
radio button
An exclusive control whose setting is indicated by the presence or absence of a graphical indicator, usually part of a radio group. A radio button has two states, on and off.
Read
Permission to look at the data in a file or permission to list the files and folders (directories) in a folder (directory).
Reset
A button or menu item used to return an item to the condition it was in when it was last opened or to the condition it was in before the most recent changes were applied to it, whichever is more recent.
resize border
A control used to change the size of a window or a pane in a window.
resource
A mechanism of the X Window SystemTM for specifying an attribute (appearance or behavior) of a window or application. Resources are usually named after the elements they control.
restart
To stop a process and start it again.
Restore
A menu item used to return a window to the size and position it occupied before you minimized or maximized it.
root directory
In a hierarchical file system, the directory that contains all other directories and files. Represented by a / (slash) in UNIX systems.
root, root user
See superuser.
run
To start an application or action.
S-T
sash
A box on a separator or split bar that enables you to increase or decrease the size of a window pane using the mouse. You can navigate to the sash using the keyboard.
screen lock
A function that locks the workstation screen, barring further input until the valid user password is entered.
Screen Saver
A utility that, after a specified time period, switches off the workstation display or varies the images that are displayed, thereby prolonging the life of the screen.
scroll
To move the cursor through data one increment at a time. While scrolling, data shifts within the window to indicate the current position of the cursor.
scroll bar
A control located at the right or bottom of a window that enables you to display window content not currently visible.
scroll box
The part of a scroll bar that shows the position of the visible information relative to the total amount of information available in a window. You click a scroll box to see information that is not currently visible.
select
To add highlighting or some other visual cue to an item or element so that it can be operated or enabled. Selection does not imply the initiation of an action but rather a change of state, such as highlighting an item in a list, or toggling a check box on.
Select Printer
Print Manager: Use to obtain information about available printers and select a printer to use.
server
A system that supplies services to a client.
session
The elapsed time between user login and logout. Also, a particular configuration of workspaces that includes Style Manager settings, open applications, and the size and position of objects.
Session Manager
A software application that controls saving sessions, restoring sessions, screen locking and unlocking, and the use of screen savers. When a session is saved, the state of the desktop environment (location of icons, size and location of open windows, open/closed status of applications, current color palette, and so on) is preserved so that it can be restored at the next login.
session server
A system that provides networked sessions. Session files reside on the session server and are used whenever you log in to a system on the network.
Setup
A button in the Calendar, Mailer, and Text Editor Print dialog boxes that displays the Print Setup dialog box. See Print Setup.
shortcut
General term for a mouse gesture that simplifies filling out a dialog box. For example: As a shortcut, double-click an item in the Filename list box to select it and choose OK in one action.
shortcut keys
A keyboard key sequence used to activate a menu item, usually through a special accelerator key. For example: Press Alt+F to choose Print from the File menu.
slider
A control that uses a track and arm to set a value from among the available values. The position of the arm (or a separate indicator) gives the currently set value.
software application
A computer program that provides you with tools to do work. Style Manager, Text Editor, and File Manager are examples of software applications.
status area
A part of a window where information is displayed that shows the state of an object or the state of a particular view of an object.
Style Manager
The software application used to customize some of the visual elements and system device behaviors of the workspace environment, including colors and fonts, and keyboard, mouse, window, and session start-up behaviors.
subdirectory
A directory contained within another directory (sometimes called the parent directory). In graphical user interface applications, this may be called a subfolder.
subfolder
A folder contained within another folder (sometimes called the parent folder). When discussing command-line activities, this may be called a subdirectory.
submenu
A menu displayed by choosing an item from a menu.
subpanel
An extension of the Front Panel that slides up providing access to additional elements. Subpanels usually contain groups of related elements.
suffix
A part of a file name, added at the end, separated from other suffixes or the base file name by some punctuation, such as a period (.).
superuser
A login identity that enables special permissions for modifying system files that most users do not have permission to modify. Superuser is also called "the root user" or "root" because the user ID for superuser is root. On most computer systems, only a few users have permission to become superuser.
symbolic link
A type of link that is capable of pointing to a file or directory that resides on another physical storage device or partition.
template
In Mailer, an ASCII file you can create for conveniently including frequently typed information, such as your name and electronic mail address, in your mail messages.
Terminal
In the Front Panel, an item in the Personal Applications subpanel used to open a terminal window.
terminal emulator
A window that emulates a particular type of terminal for running nonwindow programs. Terminal emulator windows are most commonly used for typing commands to interact with the computer's operating system.
text cursor
A cursor that shows the insertion point for textual input. This cursor usually takes the form of an I-beam. Contrast with location cursor and pointer.
Text Editor
The software application used to create and edit documents.
text field
A rectangular area in a window where information is typed. Text fields with keyboard focus have a blinking text insertion cursor.
title bar
The topmost area of a window containing the window title, window menu button, and the maximize and minimize buttons. See also window title.
toggle
To change the state of a two-state control, such as a radio button or check box, using either the mouse or keyboard.
topic tree
In a general help dialog box, an expandable and contractible list of topics that can be selected to display help information.
Trash Can
A container for deleted files or folders.
tree view
A view of a folder or files that includes all lower-level folders in the search path.
U-V
user name
An identifier for making a user known to the system. Sometimes called a login name. For example, a user whose name is John Doe might have the user name jdoe. The login screen prompts for the user name.
W-X-Y-Z
window
A rectangular area on the display. Software applications typically have one main window from which secondary windows, called dialog boxes, can be opened.
window frame
The visible part of a window that surrounds a software application. A window frame can contain up to five controls: title bar, resize borders, minimize button, maximize button, and the Window menu button.
window icon
A minimized window.
Window Manager
The software application that provides users with the capability to manipulate windows on the workspace; for example, opening, resizing, moving, and closing windows.
Window menu
The menu displayed by choosing the Window menu button. The menu provides choices that manipulate the location or size of the window, such as Move, Size, Minimize, and Maximize.
Window menu button
The control at the upper left corner of a window, next to the title bar. Choosing it displays the Window menu.
Word Wrap
1) Mailer: Compose window: Format menu: Use to cause the text that you type in the Compose window to automatically move to the next line without pressing Return.
2) Mailer: Print dialog box: Use to prevent the truncation of lines that are too long to fit on a printed page.
work area
The part of a window where controls and text appear.
workspace
The current screen display, the icons and windows it contains, and the unoccupied screen area where icons can be placed.
workspace backdrop
See backdrop.
workspace background
The portion of the display not covered by windows or icons.
workspace icon
An icon that has been copied from File Manager to the workspace.
Workspace Manager
The software application that controls the size, placement, and operation of windows within multiple workspaces.
Workspace menu
The menu displayed by pointing at an unoccupied area of the workspace and clicking button 3 on the mouse.
workspace object
An object that resides in a workspace, rather than inside a viewer in a window. Workspace objects include windows, icons (minimized windows), and objects that have been dragged from File Manager and Application Manager and dropped on a workspace.
workspace switch
A control that enables you to select one workspace from among several workspaces.
workspace switch area
The rectangular area in the center of the Front Panel that contains the workspace switches, the Lock control, the Exit button, and the busy light.
Wrap To Fit
In Text Editor, this setting controls whether lines are automatically wrapped to fit the window width as you enter text. If set, lines wrap at the edge of the window. If not set, you must press Return to end the line.
Write
Permission to modify the contents of a file or folder.
.
Microsoft Word shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl + Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl + Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl + Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.
Ctrl + Moves to the end of the paragraph.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.
Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
F1 Open Help.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
Shift + F3 Change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
Shift + Insert Paste.
F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
F7 Spell and grammar check selected text and/or document.
Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
F12 Save as.
Shift + F12 Save.
Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.
Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.
Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time.
In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use their mouse as a method of quickly do something commonly performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.
Mouse shortcuts Description
Click, hold, and drag Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click If double-click a word, selects the complete word.
Double-click Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line will make the alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned.
Double-click Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
Triple-click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.
Ctrl + Mouse wheel Zooms in and out of document.
Internet Explorer shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Internet Explorer. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Alt + Left Arrow Back a page.
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow Forward a page.
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example, type computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://www.computerhope.com.
Ctrl + D Add a Favorite for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow Display all previous text entered in a text box and/or available options on drop down menu.
Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Alt + Left Arrow Back a page.
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow Forward a page.
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example, type computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://www.computerhope.com.
Shift + Enter Complete a .net instead of a .com address.
Ctrl + Shift + Enter Complete a .org address.
Ctrl + Shift + Del Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl + D Add a bookmark for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + J Display the download window.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Shift + T Undo the close of a window.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow Display all previous text entered in a text box and/or available options on drop down menu.
When talking to tech support or to other people about keyboard commands, web pages, and command line commands, you may hear such things as
forward slash, backward slash, or backslash, and caret. Many times this can be confusing for users unfamiliar with each of the symbols found on a keyboard.
Below is a chart that can be used to quickly identify keyboard keys. Please keep in mind that some of these symbols will not be on all keyboards.
We have tried to list each of the symbols found in all keyboards around the world.
Symbol Explanation
~ Tilde
` Acute, Back quote, grave, grave accent, left quote, open quote, or a push
! Exclamation mark, Exclamation point, or Bang
@ At or At symbol
# Octothorpe, Number, Pound, sharp, or Hash
£ Pounds Sterling or Pound symbol
€ Euro
$ Dollar sign
¢ Cent sign
¥ Japanese Yen
$ Generic currency
§ Micro
% Percent
° Degree
^ Caret or Circumflex
& Ampersand or And
* Asterisk and sometimes referred to as "star".
( Open parenthesis
) Close parenthesis
- Hyphen, Minus or Dash
_ Underscore
+ Plus
= Equals
{ Open Brace
} Close Brace
[ Open bracket
] Close bracket
| Pipe, Or, or Vertical bar
\ Backslash or Reverse Solidus
/ Forward slash, Solidus, Virgule, or Whack
§ Section
: Colon
; Semicolon
" Quote, Quotation mark, or Inverted commas
' Apostrophe or Single Quote
< Less Than or Angle brackets
> Greater Than or Angle brackets
, Comma
. Period, dot or Full Stop
? Question Mark
Computer keyboard key explanations
Overview:
This section provides a step-by-step guide to assembling a PC, and includes descriptions and photographs of the parts that are involved. It is derived from web resources cited in the text; a particularly clear and informative resource has been Craig Reid’s Hardware Installation Guide available at http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/. Some of its structure has been adopted here.
Graphics and photographs are used with their creators’ permission.
The guide is intended as a sample workshop document to guide trainee staff through the assembly of PCs.
PC Assembly Guide
Before starting, verify that you have all of the necessary components at your workstation. Refer to the Components List for a description of parts listed below.
Checklist
1 IDE Hard Drive
1 Memory Module(s)
1 PCI Network Interface Card
1 Video Card (optional)
1 IDE CD ROM
1 IDE Floppy Drive
1 Processor
1 Heat Sync and Fan
2 IDE Cables
1 Floppy Drive Cable
1 Power Supply
Tools You Will Need
(www.how-computers-work.com/disassemble-the-computer.html)
Slot Screwdriver Set
1 Chip Puller
1 Needle-Nose Pliers
1 Tweezers
1 Hex-Head Allen-Wrench Set
Phillips screwdriver - you will use this the most as all screws are this type.
Torx screwdriver - most common size is T-10.
Long nose pliers - for picking up those tiny screws you drop.
A cup - to hold the small screws.
Pen and paper - for diagramming the component connections before you disassemble the computer.
Anti-static bag(s) - to prevent ESD damage to expansion card
Before you start:
Clean your work area of dust, debris, and anything else that might get in the way.
You must also take precautions against static electricity. A static discharge can damage or ruin your computer. Before opening your computer case and touching or removing any parts inside, you should ground yourself with a grounding strap.
A grounding strap prevents static electricity from building up in your body and discharging into the equipment. Static electricity can sometimes acquire a charge of 10,000 volts. Eighty volts are enough to hurt a computer.
General handling notes:
(1) Touch things as little as possible.
(2) Hold the parts by their edges.
(3) Avoid touching the motherboard components, chips, connectors, and leads.
(4) Avoid touching memory module contacts and chips
(5) Place the parts on a grounded antistatic surface or on the antistatic bag in which it came.
Basic Precautions:
Computer assembly requires some basic precautions:
“Never force computer parts into place - If you have to force a part into place, it is possible that you are inserting the wrong component or installing it improperly. Stop and check to see what you are doing wrong before you continue to build your computer.
Never open the power supply - The power supply has extremely high voltages inside which can be extremely dangerous.
Never work on your computer with the power on - Doing so can cause electrical surges that can damage your computer parts.”
http://www.build-your-own-cheap-computer.com/build-your-own-cheap-computer.html
Assembling a computer
This tutorial assumes that the motherboard has already been fitted into the case. If both the case and the motherboard are new, and haven’t been fitted, consult the product documentation for guidelines on attaching the motherboard to the case. There are too many variations in case shape and mounting method too document the procedure effectively.
About.com describes the process at the following location: http://peripherals.about.com/library/weekly/aa082402b.htm.
However, nothing will be as accurate or as informative as the original manufacturer’s documentation, which can be a significant factor in deciding what to buy. Pcmech.com’s useful Build Your Own PC tutorial advises:
“Make sure to look at the manual for your board and make sure you can understand it. Most well known brands have decent manuals. Asus, Abit, FIC, Tyan, Shuttle and a few others come with nice manuals. Another thing to keep in mind is that the better known manufacturers often have nice web sites, and you can get support info there, too. If you don’t know who the manufacturer is, of their website is utterly useless, think twice about using the board”
– http://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step/
Links to many motherboard manuals are listed here:
http://users.iafrica.com/g/gl/glynhall/hohweb/man2.htm
A note on sequence:
Some may find it easier to fit the CPU and fan before fastening the motherboard into position; different shapes of motherboard and case may mean it’s easier to fit the motherboard first. Once again, documentation should advise you.
Open The Case
Different cases open in different ways.
For some cases you need to:
1. Remove 4 or 5 screws in the back of the case. Be sure these screws hold the case and not some other component like the power supply.
2. Slide the case forward on its slots and remove it.
For other cases
3. Remove one thumbscrew or one or two Phillips head screws from the back of your case that may hold one or more panels.
4. Remove the top panel and/or one or more necessary side panels.
Orienting Yourself
Whether the computer is tall and thin or wide and fat, all computers resemble each other on the inside. Typically, there is one large printed circuit board inside, with other boards and wires attached to it. (Not all computers have the devices listed on the picture below (many, for instance, don’t have a tape drive). But they all have a motherboard).
(http://www.jegsworks.com/Lessons/lesson10/lesson10-4.htm)
This large board is called the motherboard or the mainboard.
Here’s a close-up of the motherboard, with all its parts listed.
(http://www.techtutorials.com/tutorials/images/motherboard.jpg)
Here’s a more schematic view:
(http://www.pctechguide.com/01mboards.htm)
Installing Components:
As you can see by the shapes and connections on the motherboard, there are generally two kinds of ways to attach devices to the motherboard: via the slots, or via cables. Generally speaking, slot devices only need to be slid into the slots, but devices attached by cable need to be connected to the power supply as well as to the motherboard.
Installing Slot Devices:
(1) Installing the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The CPU can be thought of as the "brains" of the computer. This is the component that receives requests from the user and translates these requests into data that the required components can understand.
Not all CPUs are shaped the same way, so not all boards can be fitted with all CPUs. The difference is in what’s called the CPU socket.
The typical socket is flat and square. To show you how to align the CPU with the socket where it needs to be installed, triangular, or bevelled, edges mark the location of Pin 1. Its shape matches angled corners on the socket. This helps to ensure that the CPU is oriented correctly.
But some older motherboard models, such as those built for Intel’s Pentium II machines, use a Single-Edge Connection socket, where the processor slides into a rectangular retainer. Two black sleeves rise up from the motherboard to hold the CPU and fan in place. Clips help to keep it secure.
Example 1 : Typical socket
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem- 05.html#processor
Example 2: The Single Edge Connector Socket (common to Pentium II and III)
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step1.htm
Installing the CPU
Locate the processor slot on the main board. Note that the processor only connects to the chamber one way.
For Square sockets: Because the CPU is so sensitive, its slot is very intricate. It’s flat and generally square. Examine the top of the processor that should have a small dot in one of the corners. This dot indicates where pin one is located on the bottom of the processor. Now look at the socket on the motherboard: this socket should have a missing hole or should have a 1 indicating pin one. Position the processor so both pin1 and hole1 match and then place the processor down.
Some newer processors also have another safety measure designed to protect the pins on the processor during insertion. It’s called a zif-socket, or a zero-insertion-force socket. The main addition is the presence of a lock to hold the CPU in place.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
Insertion is easy. Lift the lever lock. Then, as above, carefully install the CPU by aligning Pin 1 on the CPU with Pin 1 on the socket, making sure the pins actually fit into the socket. Do not force the CPU into the socket: check the pin alignment of the CPU pins to socket holes before pressing down. Lower the lever arm until the CPU is held in place.
For single edge connectors (SECs): Do not force the processor into the slot; make sure it’s oriented correctly. Find the exposed end of the processor and lower it onto the circuit, using the support arms as a guide. Press down firmly until the processor is securely seated into the chamber. Pull the retaining clips at the top of the chamber away from the processor to lock it down.
A Note on CPUs & Motherboards:
Not all CPUs match all motherboards. Most motherboards will accept more than one type of CPU as far as model, manufacturer, and speed is concerned, but they generally only accept one socket type. The motherboard's manual – even old ones are generally still available in web archives or on manufacturers’ websites - will tell you what different types of CPUs it will accommodate. The major CPU manufacturers include Intel, Motorola, IBM and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). For a thorough discussion of motherboard shapes (or form factors), design changes and evolution, visit: http://www.pctechguide.com/01mboards.htm
Heat Sink and Fan
If the CPU is brand new, you will have to attach a heat sink or cooler to it. A heat sink looks like a three-dimensional comb – rows and columns of metal teeth, each designed to lead heat away from the chip. A fan screws on top of the heat sink.
The heat sink will generally snap right into a notched brace that straddles the CPU socket. It’s a good idea to use what’s called thermal compound to make sure that there’s a snug fit between the chip and the heatsink. Thermal compound can be purchased from any computer parts dealer.
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
(http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem-06.html)
When attaching the heat sink clip to a socket processor be careful not to scratch the motherboard with the clip. Be gentle when attaching the heat sink bracket: if too much pressure is applied the plastic clip it will break.
Installing The Memory (RAM)
1) Locate the memory banks on the main board. Most main boards will have two or three black banks for memory slots.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
Make sure that the retention clips are open, or pressed outward from the banks. Slide the memory into the bank, making sure that the slot on the module orients to the slot on the bank. There is only one way the memory can fit properly. Make sure that the short row of pins is lined up with the short gap in the socket, just as the long row of pins should line up with the long gap in the socket.
4) Using two hands, press down (press and hold – don’t rock the module) on both sides of the memory until the retention clips lock into position. The clips will fold to lock in the memory under your pressure.
Source: Tyan Computer Corporation - http://www.tyan.com
(ftp://ftp.tyan.com/manuals/m_s2266_201.pdf)
You should not have to manually fold the retention clips. They are designed to fold into the lock position when the RAM is seated into its bank. If the retention clips do not fold, remove the chip and make sure that it is oriented correctly.
Installing PCI devices
The most common devices that slide into PCI (it stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect) slots are network cards (or Network Interface Cards (NIC)) and sound cards.
PCIs are usually indicated on a main board as a white slot. They are most commonly anchored on the motherboard near the rear of the case so that external cables can be connected to them.
PCI slots. http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step1.htm
Most cards will simply slide into place in the way that RAM does. A notch in the bottom of the card matches a break in the PCI slot to make sure the device slides in the right way around.
After the PCI card is in place, its metal backplate should be flush with the rear of the case. Fasten it to the case with a screw through the pre-drilled hole. (The screw is typically supplied by the card manufacturer).
Tom’s Hardware Guide: Jan 15, 2001. Do It Yourself PC System
(http://www4.tomshardware.com/howto/20010115/pcsystem-10.html)
Installing the Video Card
It’s not always necessary to install a video card; some motherboards already have what’s called an on-board graphics chip. Video cards go in just the way PCI devices do, but sometimes they fit only into a specially designed slot called and AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) slot.
To find out if your motherboard has an on board graphics card, look at the rear of the computer to see if there’s a vga port, often coloured blue.. If it doesn’t have one of these already, you’ll need to install a video card to attach a monitor.
Installing IDE Devices
Three kinds of devices attach to the computer’s motherboard via a piece of cable called an IDE cable. The IDE cable is grey, thin and wide, with one hard plastic gridded fitting on each end; sometimes there’s one more fitting in the middle. Each fitting has a squared notch on one side, called a guide. It makes sure you can’t put the IDE cable in upside down.
The three devices that attach with an IDE cable are the hard drive, the CDROM and the floppy or stiffy drive.
The hard drive and CDROM should go on separate cables. The stiffy drive is also a device attached via IDE, but it has its own special type of cable.
Step One: Install the Hard Drive
It takes three steps to install a hard drive. Set the jumpers, connect the drive to the mainboard with an IDE cable, and insert the power cables. The latter two tasks are sometimes easier to do after the drive has been fit into the bay.
First let’s take a look at what a hard drive looks like at the back.
Hard drives that attach via an IDE cable are typically ATA hard drives. An ATA hard drive will typically have the two kinds of connections shown below. The row of pins on the left carry data; the row of thicker pins on the right supply electrical power from the power supply to the drive itself.
Another form of drive is a SCSI drive. All SCSI variations use one of three connectors: They look like this:
http://www.seagate.com/support/kb/disc/howto/interface_know.html
Set the Jumpers
A drive’s settings determine how it behaves with other drives. If two drives are on the same cable, you have to specify the priority of one drive in relation to the other. The terms used are master and slave.
These priorities are set using a small set of pins at the rear of the drive called jumpers. A movable plastic clip can be placed between a pair of jumper pins to trigger certain settings. Inside the plastic clip are pieces of metal that close a circuit when the jumper is in place. The state of the circuit (open or closed) determines the jumper setting.
The grid below refers to the jumper settings for Seagate’s ATA drives with capacities of more than 20GB. (Settings for other drives can be found at manufacturers’ websites).
http://www.seagate.com/support/kb/disc/howto/ata_install_tshoot.html
If a drive appears alone on the IDE cable, it should be set to master. It should be fitted to the connector at the end of the IDE cable (the master position), not to the one in the middle. It is possible to install an IDE device, such as the CD ROM, to the master position on the IDE cable while the jumper settings are set to slave. This configuration will work as long as that device does not share the IDE cable with any other device.
Use needle-nosed pliers to set the jumper in the correct position. The correct way to set the jumper switches is usually written somewhere on the case of the disk. If it is not, look for engraved abbreviations such as MA or SL above or below sets of pins.
Attach the cable
When connecting IDE devices to the main board, it is important that you correctly orient the IDE drive and the main board. If the IDE cable is not installed properly to the main board, the computer will not recognize any drive on that cable. If it is not correctly installed to the device, the computer will not recognize that device. Also, incorrect orientation of either the drive or the cable can damage the drive itself.
In order to reduce the chance of error, the IDE cable, the main board and the drive all have markings that help you tell if something is attached the right way around and anchor your orientation. These anchors are called Pin One. (It’s similar to the convention of marking pin one on the CPU with a slanted edge).
Pin one, in almost all instances, can be recognized on the IDE cable with a red stripe along one side of the length of the cable. This includes floppy drives. The connectors are shaped so that they can only slide into the board one way. If the IDE connectors are not slotted, you will have to look closely to the main board for the "1" pin. Most IDE devices are also slotted to ensure pin one is correctly oriented. If not, a general rule to follow is that pin one (the red strip) will face the power connection on the IDE device. Likewise, on most IDE devices, the red power wire will face the pin one on the IDE cable (red-red). The picture of the rear of the hard drive above clearly shows pin one next to the power supply.
Put one IDE connector into the back of the drive; put the other onto the connector on the main board, making sure that Pin 1 is oriented correctly (pin 1 is identified with a red stripe on the ribbon cable and by the number 1 on the primary master connector on the main board).
Each IDE connector on the main board should be labelled clearly. The picture below shows three male IDE connectors; the type and rank (FDC means floppy drive controller; IDE2 refers to the secondary IDE channel; IDE1 refers to the primary channel) is clearly printed next to the connector. The position of pin one is printed in smaller font next to the connectors themselves.
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step2.htm
Place the drive in the bay on the computer's chassis and secure the drive down using 4 drive screws.
Fitting the CD ROM
In most cases, you should install a CD-ROM drive as the secondary master. That means it’s on a separate IDE channel from the hard drive, but that it’s the highest priority on that channel. The steps resemble those applicable to hard drives: verify the jumpers, attach the cable connectors to the drive and to the board, and then fit the CDROM into its tray.
Verify that the drive is set to be a "Master" on a single IDE channel. The jumper settings are indicated on the drive itself.
Connect an IDE Ribbon cable to the main board making sure that Pin 1 is oriented correctly (pin 1 is identified with a red stripe on the ribbon cable and by the number 1 on the secondary master connector on the main board). Refer the graphic above for assistance.
Attach the CD-ROM drive to the IDE Ribbon Cable on its master position (at the end of the IDE Ribbon Cable). Make sure that the IDE Ribbon Cable is position to pin 1 on the CD-ROM drive (Pin 1 on the CD ROM drive faces the power connection).
Place the drive in the 5.25" bay at the top of the computer's chassis and secure the drive down using 4 drive screws.
Step Three: Install the Floppy Drive
The floppy or stiffy drive is also an IDE device, but its cable is narrower than the ones used to attach the CDROM and hard drive. The floppy drive controller cable is twisted at one end and split near the middle. The twist in the cable allows two floppy drives to be connected to the cable. The first one must be connected to the fitting placed after the twist in the cable (at the very end); the second must be attached to the middle connector. It’s very rare to install more than one stiffy drive in a computer any more.
Despite the difference in the width between the hard drive’s IDE cable and the floppy controller cable, the same conventions are used to attach the drive: the connectors are shaped or ‘keyed’ so that they can’t be put in upside down. The IDE ribbon cable should have a red stripe down one side to indicate where pin one is. Just as with the hard drive and CDROM, pin one on a floppy is typically closer to the power supply pins.
Align the IDE cable with pin one on the drive
Insert the connector into the drive
Align the IDE cable with pin one on the motherboard
Insert the cable into the fastener on the motherboard.
After attaching the IDE cable to the motherboard, fit the stiffy drive into place and secure it with screws.
Connecting the Power Supply:
The power supply is responsible for providing power to IDE devices and the main board itself. It converts DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) and supplies the correct amount of voltage to the computer hardware.
There are two main kinds of wires attached to the power supply: a 20-pin mainboard power cable, and a set of up to five rectangular, four-pin connectors used to supply power to the different drives on the computer. They each consist of four wires: 1 red, 1 yellow and 2 black. The shape of the milky-white plastic connectors ensure that they fit drives only one way. Older power supplies have two-piece power connectors.
http://www.wiu.edu/users/mscmr1/step3.htm
Although most power supplies have common power connectors, some main boards will require different connections to it. Make sure that you have read the main board guide and any component hardware guides before attempting to install the power supply.
Step 1: Inspect the power supply: Make sure it tightly attached to the case, make sure it is free of dust, and make sure it set to the voltage area of your area- 110V for the US and 220V for outside countries.
Step 2: Connect the power to the main board
Locate the main board's 20-pin power connection. Note that the power supply will only connect to this connector one way. Slide the power supply lead into the plastic fitting.
Step 3: Connect IDE devices
Once again, the floppy drive power supply is thinner than the ones for the CDROM and hard drive. The power slot on the IDE drive consists of just four thick pins; it’s easy to identify it because it’s so much bigger than the IDE connector and jumper pins next to it.
Attach each IDE device to the power supply via the four-pin white connector.
Step 4: Feed power lines from the case to the mainboard.
The final step in connecting the power is fitting the case’s switch, lights and speaker (a 6 or 8-cm speaker designed to sound warnings and issue beeps – it’s not for playing music) to the panel on the mainboard. The location of these connectors differs from board to board, but, generally speaking they’re clearly labelled – if you can read the small type and decipher the abbreviations. Often they all appear clustered together along one edge of the motherboard. The wiring for each device is thin, coloured, and sometimes twisted together in pairs or threes; plastic female connectors consist of two- or three-pin housings.
Here is a short list of the parts you’ll at least have to connect. There may be more.
Power switch - Power / PWR-SW
Reset switch - Reset
Power LED - Power LED / PWR-LED
Hard drive LED - HDD-LED / IDE LED
Speaker - SPK / Speaker
Post Assembly Visual Check
Work space within the system case is often very limited and it is very easy to accidentally loosen a connection. Before closing the case check the following one more time:
The 110/220V switch is set to 220V
The IDE cables are straight and secure.
The power cables are in place.
The CPU fan is free of stray wires that could obstruct its rotation.
Slot devices are properly fitted and fastened into place with a screw
Ports are well aligned with their holes in the case backing
The memory is firmly seated in place
No stray pieces of metal, wire or plastic are at risk of short circuiting the motherboard
The motherboard is well clear of contact with the case
Process Test & Preparation for installing an operating system
(adapted from FreeGeek’s FreekBox building how to
http://www.freegeek.org/howto/building/allinone.html)
Plug the monitor and computer in and turn the machine on. Make sure there is no disk in the floppy drive. There should be no disk in the CD Rom tray either. Since the hard drive has been formatted, the computer should boot only into the bios, and then stop the boot process when it can’t find an operating system. It’s safe to reboot or turn off the computer when it complains it can’t find an operating systen.
So boot the computer a few times to check that everything’s detected and working, then shut down the machine. Then check to see if the CPU or hard drive are especially hot.
Check for the following
Does the power light come on?
Can you hear the CPU fan and see it spin?
Put your hand over the power supply fan grille. Is it pushing out air?
Did the lights on the keyboard flash once a few seconds after the computer came on?
Now watch the POST (Power On Self Test) process. The POST is a series of checks that the BIOS program (more on BIOS later) runs to make sure that all the hardware is in working order. While the BIOS is performing the POST process it will usually display information about some of the hardware it finds. At the least, it will almost always display the speed of the processor and how much RAM it finds. Take note of these values. Is the processor detected? Is all of the RAM you inserted being detected? Generally, the BIOS will cause a single beep to be sounded if the POST is successful or will sound multiple or continuous beeps if the POST fails.
Common problems include:
Nothing happens. The screen is blank and the computer looks dead:
Check the power supply and its connection to the mainboard.
Check the cord from the power supply to actual power outlet. Do other devices work on that outlet?
You hear multiple or continuous beeps:
Did you forget to put RAM into the machine?
Is video card seated correctly in slot?
Try swapping memory or video card.
You see some kind of image or corporate logo, but no useful information:
POST is probably happening. Read the screen for instructions, or try pressing ESC or TAB.
Machine seems to turn on but the screen is blank:
Is the video card seated correctly in slot?
Try swapping the memory or video card.
Possibly the processor is bad?
Keyboard failure:
Check that the keyboard is plugged in to the appropriate port. (It's easy on PS/2 systems to get it plugged into the mouse port accidentally).
Try swapping the keyboard
The floppy drive light should turn on during boot, but it shouldn’t be on all the time. If it is, it means the IDE cable is backward, and the pin one on the cable is misaligned. Turn the computer off and reconnect it.
If the system passes all of these qualitative tests, reboot it.
Watch POST again, and then try to enter the bios as it reboots.
Enter BIOS Setup
Is the BIOS functioning, or is it password protected?
The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) is a small program that exists in a special chip on the mainboard. You may not have thought about it before, but how does the computer know what to do when you first power it on? This is one of the primary functions of the BIOS: to get the computer up and running when you turn on the power. The BIOS also controls various aspects of the mainboards hardware, such as the RAM, integrated peripherals (e.g. serial ports, parallel port, USB, video), and startup options. Most every computer you may encounter will have a BIOS configuration area which is usally accessible by pressing a special key just after the computer is powered on.
Each BIOS is different. There are several companies which develop BIOS programs and each has a unique way of doing things. The interfaces are different, and the various options may have different names. Despite these differences, it is important to remember that regardless of the interface, the basic functionality of all BIOSs is roughly equivalent. Although the number of settings can at first seem daunting, it is good consolation to know that, for our purposes, the default settings are generally desirable.
Getting into the BIOS setup area:
Pay close attention to the monitor after you first power on the machine. Various information will be printed to the screen and there will almost always be an indication as to how to enter the BIOS setup area. Look for text similar to "Setup", "Enter setup", "BIOS settings", or the like. Next to this text should be an indication as to which key you need to press to get into the BIOS setup area. Depending on the type and version of BIOS this key will change, but will almost always be one of the following: Del, F1, F2, F10, or Esc. You will generally have a limited amount of time to press this key before the BIOS takes this option away, so keep your eyes on the screen and act quickly.
Restore BIOS Defaults
1. Reset the Bios to default settings
Detailed Instructions
We don't know who, or under what circumstances, the previous owner operated this machine. Therefore, we will do ourselves a huge favor and avoid headaches by reverting the BIOS to default or factory settings before we do anything else. When you first enter the BIOS setup area look around the screen for an option that refers to "BIOS defaults" or "Setup defaults". Exercise this option.
Auto Detect Hard Drive
In BIOS there should be an option that looks somewhat like
"IDE HDD AUTO DETECTION"
Select this option to configure your hard drive. It should give you multiple choices, but go with the default.
This will only detect your hardrive, so don't worry if it comes up blank for the IDE channel that your CD-Rom is attached to.
Set Boot Order
1. Set the floppy drive as the first boot device
Browse around the BIOS and look for an option that indicates boot order or sequence. We want the machine to always attempt to boot from a floppy disk prior to attempting a boot from the hard disk. Generally, this is the default setting, but we should double check that this is the case. Many times the BIOS will refer to boot order in terms of "A" and "C". "A" refers to your floppy disk and "C" refers to your hard disk. If your BIOS refers to boot order in these terms, make sure that the order is something like "A,C...". It doesn't matter what comes after "C", just that the order starts with "A,C..."
Save and exit the bios. The computer will reboot. When it finishes POST, turn the computer off.
Check the CPU heat sink and the hard drive. Each should feel a little warm, but not hot.
Replace the case and move the computer to the configuration area.
"This document is based on draft text taken from the bridges.org report
"Set-up and Operation of a Computer Production and Support Centre - A
How-To Guide", to be published July 2004."
Glossary
Access privileges
Permissions granted to a user or group of users to perform various operations on a file or folder (directory). See permission.
Action
A desktop construct that provides a method for running applications, executing commands, and other activities such as printing, removing files, and changing directories. Actions are defined in a database of configuration files.
Action icon
An icon that represents an action in a File Manager or Application Manager window, or in the workspace. An action icon is created by creating an empty executable file with the same name as the action it represents.
action label
The name displayed under the icon of an action. See action name.
action name
The name associated with an action, which by default is displayed under the icon for the action. See action label.
active
A window, window element, or icon that is currently affected by keyboard and mouse input. Active windows are differentiated from other windows on the workspace by a distinctive title-bar color or shade. An active window element is indicated by a highlight or selection cursor.
active window
A window that receives keyboard input.
address
An electronic mail location of a user.
alias
An alternative name or names assigned to a program or to an electronic mail address.
In electronic mail, an address for mailing to a group of users. An alias can be created to send electronic mail to a small group of people or to many people.
AppBuilder
A software application used for constructing a graphical user interface.
application
See software application.
application group
An Application Manager folder that holds a specific software application or set of software applications.
application icon
See action icon.
Application Manager
A window containing objects representing the system actions available to you.
application server
A host computer where applications can be run.
Apply
A choice that causes a selection (or group of selections) in a dialog box to take effect.
Appointment Editor
In Calendar, a window you use to schedule, change, or delete an appointment.
Appointment List
A chronological list of appointments displayed by Calendar.
arrow button
An element of a scroll bar used to scroll a window by small increments. Also, a control in the Front Panel used to slide up or slide down a subpanel.
arrow keys
The four directional keys on a keyboard. Also see navigation keys.
attachment
In Mailer, a data object within an electronic mail message that is displayed as an icon in the Attachments list. An attachment can be text, sound, or a graphic. Multiple messages can be added (attached) to a single electronic mail message.
backdrop
The pattern that covers the workspace background.
background
The underlying area of a window on which elements, such as buttons and lists, are displayed.
Backtrack
In Help Manager, a button and Navigate menu item you use to follow links backward, in the reverse order they were traversed.
base name
The file name of an icon file minus the file-name suffixes for size (.l, .m, .s, .t) and type (.bm, .pm). For example, the base name of an icon file named myicon.m.pm is myicon.
bitmap
An image stored in a raster format. Usually refers to an image limited to two colors (a foreground and a background color). Contrast with pixmap.
busy light
A control that blinks when a Front Panel action has been invoked prior to the appearance of a window or when reloading actions.
button
A generic term for a window control. See push button.
C-D
Calculator
A software application that mimics the function of a hand-held calculator.
Calendar
A software application that enables you to schedule appointments and create To Do lists.
Calendar view
The day, week, month, or year displayed in the main Calendar window.
Cancel
A push button that removes a window without applying any changes made in that window.
CDE
An acronym for Common Desktop Environment, a graphical user interface running on UNIX.
check box
A nonexclusive control whose setting is indicated by the presence or absence of a check mark. A check box has two states, on and off.
choose
To use the mouse or keyboard to pick a menu item, button, or icon that begins a command or action. Contrast with select.
click
To press and release a mouse button without moving the mouse pointer. Unless otherwise specified, mouse button 1 is assumed.
client
A system or software application that requests services from another application, usually across a network.
clipboard
A buffer that temporarily stores the last cut, copy, or pasted data.
Clock
A Front Panel control that displays the local time.
Close
A menu item used to remove a window and all related secondary windows from all workspaces.
command-line prompt
A prompt, usually %, >, or $, that shows the computer is ready to accept commands. In a terminal emulation window, you display the command-line prompt by pressing Return.
Compose window
In Mailer, the window you use to create new electronic mail messages. Several message-composing options are available from the Compose window menu bar.
configuration file
A file that is used to customize the properties of an application.
container
A control intended to hold objects or data. A folder and a notebook are examples of containers.
In Mailer, your electronic mailbox and filing system that contains all mail messages. Once a message is put in a container, you can display, modify, delete, print, include, forward, and reply to it.
control
A generic term for a variety of elements (such as buttons, check boxes, and scroll bars) that perform an action or indicate an option setting. See Front Panel control.
Create Action
A software application that enables you to associate an icon with a command so that the command can be issued by clicking on the icon. Create Action is also used to define specific data types for an application's data files and to associate icons with those data types.
current folder
The currently opened folder in an active File Manager view.
current item, current selection
The currently highlighted item in a list.
current session
The session saved by Session Manager when you log off. At the next login, unless you specify otherwise, this session automatically opens, enabling work to continue where you left off. Contrast with home session.
cursor
A graphical device that shows the area that will receive keyboard or pointing device input.
customization
The process of changing settings to alter the appearance and behavior of the desktop and applications running on the desktop.
data type
A mechanism that associates particular data files with the appropriate applications and actions. Data types can determine the type of a file based on file-naming conventions, such as a particular extension name, or on the contents of the file.
default
A value set automatically by an application.
desktop
See workspace.
dialog box
A window displayed by an application that requires user input.
dimmed
Reduced contrast to show unavailable emphasis.
directory
A collection of files and other subdirectories. In graphical user interface applications, may be called a folder.
double-click
To quickly press a mouse button twice without moving the mouse pointer. Unless otherwise specified, mouse button 1 is assumed. Double-clicking can often be used as an alternative to selecting menu items.
drag
To press and hold down any mouse button while moving the pointer—and the object under the pointer—on the screen.
drag and drop
To directly manipulate an icon by using a pointing device to move and place the icon somewhere else. Also referred to as drag transfer.
drag transfer
See drag and drop.
drop
After starting the drag of an object, the act of releasing the mouse button. If the object is dropped in an appropriate area, an action is initiated.
drop target
A rectangular graphic that represents the drop zone in an application.
drop zone
An area of the workspace, including the Trash Can, Print Manager, and Mailer Front Panel controls, that accepts a dropped icon. Icons can be dropped on the workspace for quick access.
E-F
element
A generic term for any entity that can be considered a standalone item in a broader context, such as an item in a list or a control in a window.
Short name for "electronic mail." Email usually describes text messages addressed and sent to you electronically and are received in your electronic mailbox. Sometimes just known as "mail."
environment variables
Standard UNIX variables that are used by the shell and by applications.
error message
A message that requires the user's immediate attention. Error messages are used to convey a message about a user error.
execute
A file or folder (directory) access permission. For files, execute permission enables the user to run a program or shell script file. For folders (directories), execute permission enables the user to access the folder (directory) contents.
Exit button
A Front Panel control used to log out of the desktop.
extended selection
To add multiple items to a selected set by augmenting the selection technique. For example, you can add to a selection by moving the pointer to a new item and pressing Control and the SELECT mouse button simultaneously.
file
A unit of data, such as text, program, image, and so on, that is stored in a folder (directory).
File Manager
The software application that manages the files and directories on your system.
file name
The name of the file as it is stored in a folder (directory) or on a storage device. A file name consists of a base name and any suffixes. A fully qualified file name also includes the path.
file server
A host computer that stores data files used by applications.
file suffix
A suffix added to the end of a file name, often used in file typing or to categorize files for the user.
file type
Characteristics of a file that determine how it is used. The type of a file may be determined by a portion of its name (for example, the file extension) or by its content.
filter
Used to display only objects that meet certain criteria, such as a name pattern match, and to hide all other objects from view.
focus
The place to which keyboard input is directed, indicated by the highlight.
folder
An icon that represents a directory.
font
A complete set of characters (letters, digits, and special characters) of one size and one typeface. Ten-point Helvetica bold is an example of a font.
foreground
The content of a window and the color or shading used to distinguish it from the window's background.
Front Panel
A centrally located window containing controls for accessing applications and utilities, including the workspace switch. The Front Panel occupies all workspaces.
Front Panel control
An object in the Front Panel used as an interface to basic system services and frequently performed tasks and operations. Controls in the default Front Panel are: Clock, Calendar, Mailer, Text Editor, Help Viewer, File Manager, Printer, Style Manager, Application Manager, and Trash Can.
Front Panel move handles
An area on each end of the Front Panel used for moving the Front Panel and for bringing it to the front of the workspace.
G-H
grab handles (or handles)
The small squares displayed at the corners and midpoints of a selected graphic element.
group
A collection of users who are referred to by a common name.
Also, permission setting that determines a group's access to files.
Group Appointment
In Calendar, an appointment for a group of people, scheduled using the Group Appointment Editor.
header
In Mailer, the basic information about an electronic mail message as it appears in the mailer container. A message header displays the name of the sender, subject, the date and time it was received, and message size.
Help
A button or menu item used to access information about objects, choices, tasks, and error messages.
help family
A set of help volumes that provide online information about related applications.
Help Index
An alphabetic listing of help topics.
help key
A designated key, usually the F1 key, used to request online help information about what the cursor is currently on.
Some keyboards have a dedicated Help key that may take the place of F1.
Help Manager
A special help volume that lists all the online help registered on your system.
Help Viewer
The software application that displays online help.
help volume
A complete body of help information about a subject.
help window
A secondary window that displays help information.
hierarchical file system
A way to organize data on computer systems using a hierarchy of containers, often called folders (directories) and files. In this scheme, folders may contain other folders and files. The successive containment of folders within folders creates the levels of organization, which is the hierarchy.
highlight
(v) To make something stand out on the screen by selecting or choosing it. Also (n) the visual indicator that something is selected.
history
A list of the most recently accessed commands, files, folders, or help topics.
home directory
A directory where you keep personal files and additional directories. In graphical user interface applications, may be called the home folder.
home folder
A folder where you keep personal files and additional directories. By default, File Manager and Terminal Emulator windows are set to the home folder when you first open them. When discussing command-line activities, may be called the home directory.
home session
A choice at logout to designate a particular session, other than the one you are currently in, as the one you will automatically return to at the next login.
HomeDirectory
Symbolizes your home directory. For example: If your home directory is /users/anna, then /HomeDirectory/bitmaps/smile.bm represents /users/anna/bitmaps/smile.bm.
host
A computer system.
hyperlink
In Help text, text or a graphic you click to display another Help topic.
I-J
icon
A graphical representation of an object consisting of an image, an image background, and a label. An icon can be directly manipulated.
Icon Editor
The software application used to create new icons and to modify existing icons.
Inbox
The main or default Mailer container. The Inbox receives all incoming mail. Messages can be moved out of the Inbox and put in various containers.
index
In a help volume, an alphabetical list of words or phrases that can be searched to find help on a subject. The Help System displays the index when you choose the Index button in a help button dialog.
insertion point
The point at which data typed on the keyboard, or pasted from the clipboard or a file, appears on the screen. In text, a synonym for cursor.
Install Icon
An item on a subpanel used to install icons into the Front Panel using drag and drop.
ITE
Internal Terminal Emulator. ITE allows use of a bitmapped display as a terminal (through command-line mode from the login screen).
items
Elements in a list or menu.
K-L
label
The text appearing next to an icon or control that names the element.
link
Synonym for symbolic link.
list
A control that contains elements from which you select. Also called selection list.
Lock button
A Front Panel control used to lock the screen.
log in
To supply a user name and password to gain access to a system or desktop session.
log out
To terminate or end access to a system or desktop session.
login
The process of gaining access to a system.
logout
The termination of a desktop session.
M-N
Mailer
An application that enables you to send, receive, and compose electronic mail messages.
mailer container
The electronic mail box and filing system that contains all mail messages. Once a message is put in a container, you can display, modify, delete, print, include, forward, and reply to it.
Mailer control
The Front Panel control used to start the Mailer software application. Dropping a file on the control loads the file into the Mailer Compose window.
Main Panel
The portion of the Front Panel excluding the subpanels.
mapping
A method of using one action to run another action. Also, a pairing of entities in one set with those in another set.
Maximize
A choice that enlarges a window to its largest possible size.
maximize button
A button on a window's title bar that you choose to display the window in its largest size.
menu
A list of items from which you select to perform a particular application task. Also see submenu.
menu bar
The part of the application window between the title bar and the work area where menu names are listed.
menu item
An element in a menu that represents a choice (for example, Copy on the Edit menu).
Minimize
To turn a window into an icon. The push button that minimizes a window is located near the upper right corner of the window frame.
minimize button
A button on a window's title bar that you choose to display the window as an icon.
mnemonic
A single, underlined character in a command. The mnemonic indicates that you can choose the command by typing that letter. Mnemonics are used most commonly in menu commands; however, other buttons may also have mnemonics.
modifier key
A key that when pressed and held along with another key or mouse button changes the meaning of the second key or mouse click. Control, Alt, and Shift are examples.
mouse
A device for moving the pointer and making selections.
mouse button
A mechanism on a mouse that you press to make selections.
mouse button 1
On a mouse, the leftmost button when configured for right-handed use; the rightmost button when configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 1 is primarily used for selection, and is the default button for the "click" instruction.
mouse button 2
On a three-button mouse, the middle button. On a two-button mouse, the right button if configured for right-handed use or the left button if configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 2 has two modes: Transfer and Adjust.
mouse button 3
On a mouse, the rightmost button when configured for right-handed use; the leftmost button when configured for left-handed use. Mouse button 3 activates pop-up menus.
Move
A window menu choice used to put a window in a different location on the screen.
navigation keys
The keyboard keys used to move the current location of the cursor. These include the arrow keys (with or without the Control key); the Tab key (with or without the Control or Shift keys); the Begin and End keys (with or without the Control key); and the Page Up and Page Down keys.
newline character
An unseen character that marks the end of a line of text in a document. It tells a printer or screen to break a line and start a new one.
O-P
object
Any logical piece of data that has associated behavior. For example, in File Manager, files, folders, actions, and applications are all considered objects. Each type of object has specific associated actions. Typically, each object is represented as an icon.
object type
A desktop mechanism used to associate particular data files with the appropriate applications and actions. Object typing defines the criteria for typing the file (such as name or contents), the appearance (the icon used in File Manager), and the behavior of the object (for example, what happens when you double-click it).
OK
A choice that accepts the information in a window and closes it. If the window contains changed information, those changes are applied before the window is closed.
On Item help
When you choose On Item from the Help menu, the cursor changes to a question mark and you can obtain information about a particular command, operation, dialog box, or control by clicking that object.
On Item Help control
A Front Panel control used to access item help information on the Front Panel.
overwrite
To replace.
page
To advance text displayed in a window by one full screen at a time, usually using a scroll bar.
palette
A range of graphically displayed choices, such as colors or collections of tools, that you can select in an application.
parent directory
A directory that contains subdirectories and files. In graphical user interface applications, this may be called the parent folder.
parent folder
A folder that contains subfolders and files. When discussing command-line activities, this may be called the parent directory.
password
A sequence of characters that users type to prove their identity to the system.
path
A text string that specifies the hierarchical location of a folder (directory).
pause
To temporarily suspend a process without ending it.
permission
A setting that determines how users or groups of users may access a file or folder (directory).
pixmap
An image stored in a raster format. Usually refers to an image that may have more than two colors. Contrast with bitmap.
point
To move the mouse until the pointer rests on a particular screen element or area.
pointer
A cursor that shows the area that receives input from a pointing device. The pointer can take the form of an arrow, an I-beam, a cross, or other graphic. Also see cursor.
pop-up menu
A menu that, when requested, is displayed next to the object with which it is associated. Pop-up menus are usually displayed by clicking mouse button 3 or pressing Shift+F10.
Print Manager
A software application that shows all the printers on your system.
print server
A host computer to which one or more printers are connected, or the UNIX process that manages those printers.
Print Setup
A dialog box that allows you to specify printer settings for the currently selected printer, such as page orientation (portrait or landscape), one- or two-sided printing, or which paper tray to use. Calendar, Mailer, and Text Editor display this dialog box when you double-click on the Setup button in their print dialog box.
Printer control
The Front Panel control used to start the Printer software application. Dropping a file on the control displays a dialog box you can use to print the file to the default printer.
Printer Jobs
A software application that provides information about jobs on a single printer.
program
A sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute.
Properties
A menu item used to set characteristics of an item, such as its date or name, or display identifying characteristics of an item, such as typefaces.
pull-down menu
A menu of related choices that extends from a cascading choice when you click mouse button 1 on a menu bar item or the Window menu button.
push button
A control that immediately starts an action by an application, usually executing a command (such as Apply), displaying a window, or displaying a menu.
Q-R
queue
An ordered list of jobs waiting to be performed.
radio button
An exclusive control whose setting is indicated by the presence or absence of a graphical indicator, usually part of a radio group. A radio button has two states, on and off.
Read
Permission to look at the data in a file or permission to list the files and folders (directories) in a folder (directory).
Reset
A button or menu item used to return an item to the condition it was in when it was last opened or to the condition it was in before the most recent changes were applied to it, whichever is more recent.
resize border
A control used to change the size of a window or a pane in a window.
resource
A mechanism of the X Window SystemTM for specifying an attribute (appearance or behavior) of a window or application. Resources are usually named after the elements they control.
restart
To stop a process and start it again.
Restore
A menu item used to return a window to the size and position it occupied before you minimized or maximized it.
root directory
In a hierarchical file system, the directory that contains all other directories and files. Represented by a / (slash) in UNIX systems.
root, root user
See superuser.
run
To start an application or action.
S-T
sash
A box on a separator or split bar that enables you to increase or decrease the size of a window pane using the mouse. You can navigate to the sash using the keyboard.
screen lock
A function that locks the workstation screen, barring further input until the valid user password is entered.
Screen Saver
A utility that, after a specified time period, switches off the workstation display or varies the images that are displayed, thereby prolonging the life of the screen.
scroll
To move the cursor through data one increment at a time. While scrolling, data shifts within the window to indicate the current position of the cursor.
scroll bar
A control located at the right or bottom of a window that enables you to display window content not currently visible.
scroll box
The part of a scroll bar that shows the position of the visible information relative to the total amount of information available in a window. You click a scroll box to see information that is not currently visible.
select
To add highlighting or some other visual cue to an item or element so that it can be operated or enabled. Selection does not imply the initiation of an action but rather a change of state, such as highlighting an item in a list, or toggling a check box on.
Select Printer
Print Manager: Use to obtain information about available printers and select a printer to use.
server
A system that supplies services to a client.
session
The elapsed time between user login and logout. Also, a particular configuration of workspaces that includes Style Manager settings, open applications, and the size and position of objects.
Session Manager
A software application that controls saving sessions, restoring sessions, screen locking and unlocking, and the use of screen savers. When a session is saved, the state of the desktop environment (location of icons, size and location of open windows, open/closed status of applications, current color palette, and so on) is preserved so that it can be restored at the next login.
session server
A system that provides networked sessions. Session files reside on the session server and are used whenever you log in to a system on the network.
Setup
A button in the Calendar, Mailer, and Text Editor Print dialog boxes that displays the Print Setup dialog box. See Print Setup.
shortcut
General term for a mouse gesture that simplifies filling out a dialog box. For example: As a shortcut, double-click an item in the Filename list box to select it and choose OK in one action.
shortcut keys
A keyboard key sequence used to activate a menu item, usually through a special accelerator key. For example: Press Alt+F to choose Print from the File menu.
slider
A control that uses a track and arm to set a value from among the available values. The position of the arm (or a separate indicator) gives the currently set value.
software application
A computer program that provides you with tools to do work. Style Manager, Text Editor, and File Manager are examples of software applications.
status area
A part of a window where information is displayed that shows the state of an object or the state of a particular view of an object.
Style Manager
The software application used to customize some of the visual elements and system device behaviors of the workspace environment, including colors and fonts, and keyboard, mouse, window, and session start-up behaviors.
subdirectory
A directory contained within another directory (sometimes called the parent directory). In graphical user interface applications, this may be called a subfolder.
subfolder
A folder contained within another folder (sometimes called the parent folder). When discussing command-line activities, this may be called a subdirectory.
submenu
A menu displayed by choosing an item from a menu.
subpanel
An extension of the Front Panel that slides up providing access to additional elements. Subpanels usually contain groups of related elements.
suffix
A part of a file name, added at the end, separated from other suffixes or the base file name by some punctuation, such as a period (.).
superuser
A login identity that enables special permissions for modifying system files that most users do not have permission to modify. Superuser is also called "the root user" or "root" because the user ID for superuser is root. On most computer systems, only a few users have permission to become superuser.
symbolic link
A type of link that is capable of pointing to a file or directory that resides on another physical storage device or partition.
template
In Mailer, an ASCII file you can create for conveniently including frequently typed information, such as your name and electronic mail address, in your mail messages.
Terminal
In the Front Panel, an item in the Personal Applications subpanel used to open a terminal window.
terminal emulator
A window that emulates a particular type of terminal for running nonwindow programs. Terminal emulator windows are most commonly used for typing commands to interact with the computer's operating system.
text cursor
A cursor that shows the insertion point for textual input. This cursor usually takes the form of an I-beam. Contrast with location cursor and pointer.
Text Editor
The software application used to create and edit documents.
text field
A rectangular area in a window where information is typed. Text fields with keyboard focus have a blinking text insertion cursor.
title bar
The topmost area of a window containing the window title, window menu button, and the maximize and minimize buttons. See also window title.
toggle
To change the state of a two-state control, such as a radio button or check box, using either the mouse or keyboard.
topic tree
In a general help dialog box, an expandable and contractible list of topics that can be selected to display help information.
Trash Can
A container for deleted files or folders.
tree view
A view of a folder or files that includes all lower-level folders in the search path.
U-V
user name
An identifier for making a user known to the system. Sometimes called a login name. For example, a user whose name is John Doe might have the user name jdoe. The login screen prompts for the user name.
W-X-Y-Z
window
A rectangular area on the display. Software applications typically have one main window from which secondary windows, called dialog boxes, can be opened.
window frame
The visible part of a window that surrounds a software application. A window frame can contain up to five controls: title bar, resize borders, minimize button, maximize button, and the Window menu button.
window icon
A minimized window.
Window Manager
The software application that provides users with the capability to manipulate windows on the workspace; for example, opening, resizing, moving, and closing windows.
Window menu
The menu displayed by choosing the Window menu button. The menu provides choices that manipulate the location or size of the window, such as Move, Size, Minimize, and Maximize.
Window menu button
The control at the upper left corner of a window, next to the title bar. Choosing it displays the Window menu.
Word Wrap
1) Mailer: Compose window: Format menu: Use to cause the text that you type in the Compose window to automatically move to the next line without pressing Return.
2) Mailer: Print dialog box: Use to prevent the truncation of lines that are too long to fit on a printed page.
work area
The part of a window where controls and text appear.
workspace
The current screen display, the icons and windows it contains, and the unoccupied screen area where icons can be placed.
workspace backdrop
See backdrop.
workspace background
The portion of the display not covered by windows or icons.
workspace icon
An icon that has been copied from File Manager to the workspace.
Workspace Manager
The software application that controls the size, placement, and operation of windows within multiple workspaces.
Workspace menu
The menu displayed by pointing at an unoccupied area of the workspace and clicking button 3 on the mouse.
workspace object
An object that resides in a workspace, rather than inside a viewer in a window. Workspace objects include windows, icons (minimized windows), and objects that have been dragged from File Manager and Application Manager and dropped on a workspace.
workspace switch
A control that enables you to select one workspace from among several workspaces.
workspace switch area
The rectangular area in the center of the Front Panel that contains the workspace switches, the Lock control, the Exit button, and the busy light.
Wrap To Fit
In Text Editor, this setting controls whether lines are automatically wrapped to fit the window width as you enter text. If set, lines wrap at the edge of the window. If not set, you must press Return to end the line.
Write
Permission to modify the contents of a file or folder.
.
Microsoft Word shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Word. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increases font +2pts.
Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower, if above 12 decreases font by +2pt.
Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1pts.
Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters.
Ctrl +
Ctrl +
Ctrl +
Ctrl +
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.
Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.
Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
F1 Open Help.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
Shift + F3 Change the text in Microsoft Word from upper to lower case or a capital letter at the beginning of every word.
Shift + Insert Paste.
F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+)
F5 Open the find, replace, and go to window in Microsoft Word.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft Word document.
F7 Spell and grammar check selected text and/or document.
Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the word highlighted.
F12 Save as.
Shift + F12 Save.
Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.
Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.
Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time.
In addition to the above shortcut keys users can also use their mouse as a method of quickly do something commonly performed. Below some are examples of mouse shortcuts.
Mouse shortcuts Description
Click, hold, and drag Selects text from where you click and hold to the point you drag and let go.
Double-click If double-click a word, selects the complete word.
Double-click Double-clicking on the left, center, or right of a blank line will make the alignment of the text left, center, or right aligned.
Double-click Double-clicking anywhere after text on a line will set a tab stop.
Triple-click Selects the line or paragraph of the text the mouse triple-clicked.
Ctrl + Mouse wheel Zooms in and out of document.
Internet Explorer shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Microsoft Internet Explorer. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Alt + Left Arrow Back a page.
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow Forward a page.
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example, type computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://www.computerhope.com.
Ctrl + D Add a Favorite for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow Display all previous text entered in a text box and/or available options on drop down menu.
Mozilla Firefox shortcut keys
Below is a listing of all the major shortcut keys in Mozilla Firefox. See our main shortcut page if you're looking for other shortcut keys used in other programs.
Shortcut Keys Description
Alt + Left Arrow Back a page.
Backspace Back a page.
Alt + Right Arrow Forward a page.
F5 Refresh current page, frame, or tab.
F11 Display the current website in full screen mode. Pressing F11 again will exit this mode.
Esc Stop page or download from loading.
Ctrl + (- or +) Increase or decrease the font size, pressing '-' will decrease and '+' will increase.
Ctrl + Enter Quickly complete an address. For example, type computerhope in the address bar and press CTRL + ENTER to get http://www.computerhope.com.
Shift + Enter Complete a .net instead of a .com address.
Ctrl + Shift + Enter Complete a .org address.
Ctrl + Shift + Del Open the Clear Data window to quickly clear private data.
Ctrl + D Add a bookmark for the page currently opened.
Ctrl + I Display available bookmarks.
Ctrl + J Display the download window.
Ctrl + N Open New browser window.
Ctrl + P Print current page / frame.
Ctrl + T Opens a new tab.
Ctrl + F4 Closes the currently selected tab.
Ctrl + Shift + T Undo the close of a window.
Ctrl + Tab Moves through each of the open tabs.
Spacebar Moves down a page at a time.
Shift + Spacebar Moves up a page at a time.
Alt + Down arrow Display all previous text entered in a text box and/or available options on drop down menu.
When talking to tech support or to other people about keyboard commands, web pages, and command line commands, you may hear such things as
forward slash, backward slash, or backslash, and caret. Many times this can be confusing for users unfamiliar with each of the symbols found on a keyboard.
Below is a chart that can be used to quickly identify keyboard keys. Please keep in mind that some of these symbols will not be on all keyboards.
We have tried to list each of the symbols found in all keyboards around the world.
Symbol Explanation
~ Tilde
` Acute, Back quote, grave, grave accent, left quote, open quote, or a push
! Exclamation mark, Exclamation point, or Bang
@ At or At symbol
# Octothorpe, Number, Pound, sharp, or Hash
£ Pounds Sterling or Pound symbol
€ Euro
$ Dollar sign
¢ Cent sign
¥ Japanese Yen
$ Generic currency
§ Micro
% Percent
° Degree
^ Caret or Circumflex
& Ampersand or And
* Asterisk and sometimes referred to as "star".
( Open parenthesis
) Close parenthesis
- Hyphen, Minus or Dash
_ Underscore
+ Plus
= Equals
{ Open Brace
} Close Brace
[ Open bracket
] Close bracket
| Pipe, Or, or Vertical bar
\ Backslash or Reverse Solidus
/ Forward slash, Solidus, Virgule, or Whack
§ Section
: Colon
; Semicolon
" Quote, Quotation mark, or Inverted commas
' Apostrophe or Single Quote
< Less Than or Angle brackets
> Greater Than or Angle brackets
, Comma
. Period, dot or Full Stop
? Question Mark
Computer keyboard key explanations
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Module Class
Republic of the Philippines
Northern Negros state college of science and technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
PC OPERATION AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Training Module
Purpose: To train interested student to know what computer is. It also shares our knowledge and skills.
Goal: To upgrade knowledge and ability to conduct student the way of teaching strategy and also spread out the information on computer technology and rural development.
Module Topics
Day: 1
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 1&2
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-cognitive discussion about computer history and parts)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete and Rosenie Oliveros
Lesson 1: Turning On and Off Computer
Objective: Our aim at this topic is to teach student on how to operate computer as the technology goes on.
This lesson teaches you how to operate computer. This includes Computer Basic1and Computer Basic 2 (On/Off Computer)
Lesson 2: Open/Close Application Programs
Objective: As the years turn to modernize all courses having computer class so, we expect that student knows on using application programs.
In this lesson you become familiar with general hardware and software computer concepts Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Opening and Closing Window
• To Open an Application Window
• To Close an Application Window
• To Select a Window or Icon
• To Turn a Window into an Icon (Minimize)
• To Restore a Window from an Icon
• To Move a Window or Window Icon
• To Resize a Window• To Scroll a Window's Contents
• To Select a List Item
• To Display a Pull-down Menu
• To Switch to another Workspace
• To Rename a Workspace
• To Move among Windows
• To Display a Window in Other Workspaces
• To Choose a Front Panel Control
• To Choose a Sub panel Control
• To Move the Front Pane
• To Get Help in Any Window
• To Choose a Help Topic Hyperlink
Day: 2
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 3&4
Resource speaker: Grace Entes (hold class activity-behavioral games, computer term puzzle)
Class Handle By: Susie Espina and Michael Belgira
Lesson 3: Keyboard Shortcuts
Objective: Is to teach student to make their computer works faster using keyboard shortcuts and mouse operation.
This lesson it also includes the following Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point:
Menu shortcut
• Within a Window, Dialog Box, the Front Panel
• With the work space
• Within the menu Keyboard shortcut Basic keyboard skills Internet/Other Program files keyboard shortcut
Lesson 4: Mouse Manipulation
Objective: As the mouse is part of computer hardware we aim to develop the skill of student to use different types of mouse manipulation and keyboard as well.
This lesson discusses includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Mouse skill
• To click
• To double click
• To drag Using Controls in Application Windows
• To Choose a Push Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a Check Box or Radio Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Scroll the Contents of a Window (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a List Item (mouse/keyboard)
• To Enter Text into an Empty Field (mouse/keyboard)
• To Edit Text in a Field (mouse/keyboard)
Day: 3
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 5&6
Resource speaker: Rosenie Oleveros (hold class activity-group discussion)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Troubleshooting/Abort Programs
Objective: To teach them on how to network the computer system and knowing to enhance student skill on PC operation.
In this lesson, you learn how to manipulate files on the system and terminal troubleshooting techniques
Trouble shooting function
• Computer trouble shooting
• Computer malfunction checklist
• Surge Protectors
• Cleaning your computer
• Backing up Files
• Anti-virus Software
Day: 4
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 1:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Some topic from Lesson 6 and Lesson 7
Resource speaker: Michael Belgira (hold class activity-participation/practicum)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
Lesson 6: PC Assembly
Objective: As lesson 5 detailed the topic on networking, lesson 6 is the continuing process that aims to teach student to assemble computer hardware and system.
This lesson presents a kind of user-created command called command files. Programmers will be particularly interested in this convenient feature of the system.
Computer operation
Computer Basic (Assemble PC)
Reassemble PC
Disassemble PC
Lesson 7: Add/Remove Programs (Install/Uninstall)
Objective: To introduced to the student about installation and adding programs on computer system.
This lesson also introduces you to common file on installation practices. Users who have a need to manage their own files or the files of others will benefit from this module.
Installing programs
How to Remove Add/Remove Programs Entries?
How to change or remove a program in Windows XP?
Day: 5
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Evaluation/examination
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-actual/laboratory exam)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete, Grace Entes, Susie Espina, Rosenie Oliveros, Michael Belgira
Other criteria:
Other Information/Solutions to all exercises of this course can be found in the chapter, "Solutions Guide."The Glossary provides you with a glossary of general usage terms.
Group: studentforceclass.blogspot.com
Northern Negros state college of science and technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
PC OPERATION AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Training Module
Purpose: To train interested student to know what computer is. It also shares our knowledge and skills.
Goal: To upgrade knowledge and ability to conduct student the way of teaching strategy and also spread out the information on computer technology and rural development.
Module Topics
Day: 1
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 1&2
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-cognitive discussion about computer history and parts)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete and Rosenie Oliveros
Lesson 1: Turning On and Off Computer
Objective: Our aim at this topic is to teach student on how to operate computer as the technology goes on.
This lesson teaches you how to operate computer. This includes Computer Basic1and Computer Basic 2 (On/Off Computer)
Lesson 2: Open/Close Application Programs
Objective: As the years turn to modernize all courses having computer class so, we expect that student knows on using application programs.
In this lesson you become familiar with general hardware and software computer concepts Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Opening and Closing Window
• To Open an Application Window
• To Close an Application Window
• To Select a Window or Icon
• To Turn a Window into an Icon (Minimize)
• To Restore a Window from an Icon
• To Move a Window or Window Icon
• To Resize a Window• To Scroll a Window's Contents
• To Select a List Item
• To Display a Pull-down Menu
• To Switch to another Workspace
• To Rename a Workspace
• To Move among Windows
• To Display a Window in Other Workspaces
• To Choose a Front Panel Control
• To Choose a Sub panel Control
• To Move the Front Pane
• To Get Help in Any Window
• To Choose a Help Topic Hyperlink
Day: 2
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 3&4
Resource speaker: Grace Entes (hold class activity-behavioral games, computer term puzzle)
Class Handle By: Susie Espina and Michael Belgira
Lesson 3: Keyboard Shortcuts
Objective: Is to teach student to make their computer works faster using keyboard shortcuts and mouse operation.
This lesson it also includes the following Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point:
Menu shortcut
• Within a Window, Dialog Box, the Front Panel
• With the work space
• Within the menu Keyboard shortcut Basic keyboard skills Internet/Other Program files keyboard shortcut
Lesson 4: Mouse Manipulation
Objective: As the mouse is part of computer hardware we aim to develop the skill of student to use different types of mouse manipulation and keyboard as well.
This lesson discusses includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Mouse skill
• To click
• To double click
• To drag Using Controls in Application Windows
• To Choose a Push Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a Check Box or Radio Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Scroll the Contents of a Window (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a List Item (mouse/keyboard)
• To Enter Text into an Empty Field (mouse/keyboard)
• To Edit Text in a Field (mouse/keyboard)
Day: 3
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 5&6
Resource speaker: Rosenie Oleveros (hold class activity-group discussion)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Troubleshooting/Abort Programs
Objective: To teach them on how to network the computer system and knowing to enhance student skill on PC operation.
In this lesson, you learn how to manipulate files on the system and terminal troubleshooting techniques
Trouble shooting function
• Computer trouble shooting
• Computer malfunction checklist
• Surge Protectors
• Cleaning your computer
• Backing up Files
• Anti-virus Software
Day: 4
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 1:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Some topic from Lesson 6 and Lesson 7
Resource speaker: Michael Belgira (hold class activity-participation/practicum)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
Lesson 6: PC Assembly
Objective: As lesson 5 detailed the topic on networking, lesson 6 is the continuing process that aims to teach student to assemble computer hardware and system.
This lesson presents a kind of user-created command called command files. Programmers will be particularly interested in this convenient feature of the system.
Computer operation
Computer Basic (Assemble PC)
Reassemble PC
Disassemble PC
Lesson 7: Add/Remove Programs (Install/Uninstall)
Objective: To introduced to the student about installation and adding programs on computer system.
This lesson also introduces you to common file on installation practices. Users who have a need to manage their own files or the files of others will benefit from this module.
Installing programs
How to Remove Add/Remove Programs Entries?
How to change or remove a program in Windows XP?
Day: 5
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Evaluation/examination
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-actual/laboratory exam)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete, Grace Entes, Susie Espina, Rosenie Oliveros, Michael Belgira
Other criteria:
Other Information/Solutions to all exercises of this course can be found in the chapter, "Solutions Guide."The Glossary provides you with a glossary of general usage terms.
Group: studentforceclass.blogspot.com
Module Class
Republic of the Philippines
Northern Negros state college of science and technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
PC OPERATION AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Training Module
Purpose: To train interested student to know what computer is. It also shares our knowledge and skills.
Goal: To upgrade knowledge and ability to conduct student the way of teaching strategy and also spread out the information on computer technology and rural development.
Day: 1
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 1&2
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-cognitive discussion about computer history and parts)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete and Rosenie Oliveros
Lesson 1: Turning On and Off Computer
Objective: Our aim at this topic is to teach student on how to operate computer as the technology goes on.
This lesson teaches you how to operate computer. This includes Computer Basic1and Computer Basic 2 (On/Off Computer)
Lesson 2: Open/Close Application Programs
Objective: As the years turn to modernize all courses having computer class so, we expect that student knows on using application programs.
In this lesson you become familiar with general hardware and software computer concepts Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Opening and Closing Window
• To Open an Application Window
• To Close an Application Window
• To Select a Window or Icon
• To Turn a Window into an Icon (Minimize)
• To Restore a Window from an Icon
• To Move a Window or Window Icon
• To Resize a Window• To Scroll a Window's Contents
• To Select a List Item
• To Display a Pull-down Menu
• To Switch to another Workspace
• To Rename a Workspace
• To Move among Windows
• To Display a Window in Other Workspaces
• To Choose a Front Panel Control
• To Choose a Sub panel Control
• To Move the Front Pane
• To Get Help in Any Window
• To Choose a Help Topic Hyperlink
Day: 2
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 3&4
Resource speaker: Grace Entes (hold class activity-behavioral games, computer term puzzle)
Class Handle By: Susie Espina and Michael Belgira
Lesson 3: Keyboard Shortcuts
Objective: Is to teach student to make their computer works faster using keyboard shortcuts and mouse operation.
This lesson it also includes the following Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point:
Menu shortcut
• Within a Window, Dialog Box, the Front Panel
• With the work space
• Within the menu Keyboard shortcut Basic keyboard skills Internet/Other Program files keyboard shortcut
Lesson 4: Mouse Manipulation
Objective: As the mouse is part of computer hardware we aim to develop the skill of student to use different types of mouse manipulation and keyboard as well.
This lesson discusses includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Mouse skill
• To click
• To double click
• To drag Using Controls in Application Windows
• To Choose a Push Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a Check Box or Radio Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Scroll the Contents of a Window (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a List Item (mouse/keyboard)
• To Enter Text into an Empty Field (mouse/keyboard)
• To Edit Text in a Field (mouse/keyboard)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Day: 3
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 5&6
Resource speaker: Rosenie Oleveros (hold class activity-group discussion)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Troubleshooting/Abort Programs
Objective: To teach them on how to network the computer system and knowing to enhance student skill on PC operation.
In this lesson, you learn how to manipulate files on the system and terminal troubleshooting techniques
Trouble shooting function
• Computer trouble shooting
• Computer malfunction checklist
• Surge Protectors
• Cleaning your computer
• Backing up Files
• Anti-virus Software
Day: 4
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 1:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Some topic from Lesson 6 and Lesson 7
Resource speaker: Michael Belgira (hold class activity-participation/practicum)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
Lesson 6: PC Assembly
Objective: As lesson 5 detailed the topic on networking, lesson 6 is the continuing process that aims to teach student to assemble computer hardware and system.
This lesson presents a kind of user-created command called command files. Programmers will be particularly interested in this convenient feature of the system.
Computer operation
Computer Basic (Assemble PC)
Reassemble PC
Disassemble PC
Lesson 7: Add/Remove Programs (Install/Uninstall)
Objective: To introduced to the student about installation and adding programs on computer system.
This lesson also introduces you to common file on installation practices. Users who have a need to manage their own files or the files of others will benefit from this module.
Installing programs
How to Remove Add/Remove Programs Entries?
How to change or remove a program in Windows XP?
Day: 5
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Evaluation/examination
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-actual/laboratory exam)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete, Grace Entes, Susie Espina, Rosenie Oliveros, Michael Belgira
Other criteria:
Other Information/Solutions to all exercises of this course can be found in the chapter, "Solutions Guide."The Glossary provides you with a glossary of general usage terms.
Group: studentforceclass.blogspot.com
Northern Negros state college of science and technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
PC OPERATION AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Training Module
Purpose: To train interested student to know what computer is. It also shares our knowledge and skills.
Goal: To upgrade knowledge and ability to conduct student the way of teaching strategy and also spread out the information on computer technology and rural development.
Day: 1
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 1&2
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-cognitive discussion about computer history and parts)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete and Rosenie Oliveros
Lesson 1: Turning On and Off Computer
Objective: Our aim at this topic is to teach student on how to operate computer as the technology goes on.
This lesson teaches you how to operate computer. This includes Computer Basic1and Computer Basic 2 (On/Off Computer)
Lesson 2: Open/Close Application Programs
Objective: As the years turn to modernize all courses having computer class so, we expect that student knows on using application programs.
In this lesson you become familiar with general hardware and software computer concepts Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Opening and Closing Window
• To Open an Application Window
• To Close an Application Window
• To Select a Window or Icon
• To Turn a Window into an Icon (Minimize)
• To Restore a Window from an Icon
• To Move a Window or Window Icon
• To Resize a Window• To Scroll a Window's Contents
• To Select a List Item
• To Display a Pull-down Menu
• To Switch to another Workspace
• To Rename a Workspace
• To Move among Windows
• To Display a Window in Other Workspaces
• To Choose a Front Panel Control
• To Choose a Sub panel Control
• To Move the Front Pane
• To Get Help in Any Window
• To Choose a Help Topic Hyperlink
Day: 2
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 3&4
Resource speaker: Grace Entes (hold class activity-behavioral games, computer term puzzle)
Class Handle By: Susie Espina and Michael Belgira
Lesson 3: Keyboard Shortcuts
Objective: Is to teach student to make their computer works faster using keyboard shortcuts and mouse operation.
This lesson it also includes the following Includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point:
Menu shortcut
• Within a Window, Dialog Box, the Front Panel
• With the work space
• Within the menu Keyboard shortcut Basic keyboard skills Internet/Other Program files keyboard shortcut
Lesson 4: Mouse Manipulation
Objective: As the mouse is part of computer hardware we aim to develop the skill of student to use different types of mouse manipulation and keyboard as well.
This lesson discusses includes computer application on Microsoft word, excel and power point.
Mouse skill
• To click
• To double click
• To drag Using Controls in Application Windows
• To Choose a Push Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a Check Box or Radio Button (mouse/keyboard)
• To Scroll the Contents of a Window (mouse/keyboard)
• To Select a List Item (mouse/keyboard)
• To Enter Text into an Empty Field (mouse/keyboard)
• To Edit Text in a Field (mouse/keyboard)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Day: 3
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Lesson 5&6
Resource speaker: Rosenie Oleveros (hold class activity-group discussion)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 5: Troubleshooting/Abort Programs
Objective: To teach them on how to network the computer system and knowing to enhance student skill on PC operation.
In this lesson, you learn how to manipulate files on the system and terminal troubleshooting techniques
Trouble shooting function
• Computer trouble shooting
• Computer malfunction checklist
• Surge Protectors
• Cleaning your computer
• Backing up Files
• Anti-virus Software
Day: 4
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 1:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Some topic from Lesson 6 and Lesson 7
Resource speaker: Michael Belgira (hold class activity-participation/practicum)
Class Handle By: Cezar Miranda Grace Entes
Lesson 6: PC Assembly
Objective: As lesson 5 detailed the topic on networking, lesson 6 is the continuing process that aims to teach student to assemble computer hardware and system.
This lesson presents a kind of user-created command called command files. Programmers will be particularly interested in this convenient feature of the system.
Computer operation
Computer Basic (Assemble PC)
Reassemble PC
Disassemble PC
Lesson 7: Add/Remove Programs (Install/Uninstall)
Objective: To introduced to the student about installation and adding programs on computer system.
This lesson also introduces you to common file on installation practices. Users who have a need to manage their own files or the files of others will benefit from this module.
Installing programs
How to Remove Add/Remove Programs Entries?
How to change or remove a program in Windows XP?
Day: 5
First Session- Time start: 10:50 a.m. End: 11:00 a.m.
Second Session- Time start: 11:00 a.m. End: 11:50 a.m.
Coverage of Topics: Evaluation/examination
Resource speaker: Cezar Miranda (hold class activity-actual/laboratory exam)
Class Handle By: Jay Ann Cañete, Grace Entes, Susie Espina, Rosenie Oliveros, Michael Belgira
Other criteria:
Other Information/Solutions to all exercises of this course can be found in the chapter, "Solutions Guide."The Glossary provides you with a glossary of general usage terms.
Group: studentforceclass.blogspot.com
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Computer Training Program
Activity Log
Respondents' School: Team Leader:
StartDate: EndDate:
Date(s) of Activity (mm/dd) Time Start A.M. - P.M. Session No. Main Topic Number of Students Who Attended Time End A.M. - P.M. Teacher In-Charged Signature Remarks
Additional details or comments about activities or events that may impact CTP role or safety outcomes:
Dyreen Suficiencia - Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Computer Training Program
Activity Log
Respondents' School: Team Leader:
StartDate: EndDate:
Date(s) of Activity (mm/dd) Time Start A.M. - P.M. Session No. Main Topic Number of Students Who Attended Time End A.M. - P.M. Teacher In-Charged Signature Remarks
Additional details or comments about activities or events that may impact CTP role or safety outcomes:
Dyreen Suficiencia - Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
WELCOME
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay ,agay City,Negros Ocidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
COMPUTER TRAINING PROGRAM
Conducting class about Pc Operation and computer Application
Class start: 10:50-11:50 a.m.
For: 3rd year a &b
VITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Vito Sagay,Sagay City
January 30, 2009
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay ,agay City,Negros Ocidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
COMPUTER TRAINING PROGRAM
Conducting class about Pc Operation and computer Application
Class start: 10:50-11:50 a.m.
For: 3rd year a &b
VITO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Vito Sagay,Sagay City
January 30, 2009
Monday, February 23, 2009
Follow up letter TCP
Republic of the Philippines
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
January 23,2009
Mrs. Rowena Alegre
Teacher-in-Charge
Vito National High School
Vito Sagay, Sagay City
Dear Ma’am Alegre,
Good day!
The group of BSIT fourth year students would like to thank you for allowing your students to participate on the preliminary “training needs assessment survey” held at your prestigious school last December 2008.
In this regard, as promised before, the researchers made a thorough analysis of the completed survey questionnaire received from the selected students. The result of the survey reveals that the respondents are in need of training in “PC Operation” and” Computer Application.
Furthermore, the researchers would like to ask for your approval to pursue computer training to the selected students in consonance with the result of the survey on training needs assessment. The training program may last up to five (5) alternative days, e.g. every Friday, depending on your favorable time you will allow them.
Attached, please find a brief overview of the “Computer Training Program – Rationale” for your reference.
For further inquiries, you may contact the researchers through mobile number 09079760240 or you may email them at groupown003@gmail.com.
It’s our pleasure to serve and help you in the best possible way.
Very Respectfully Yours,
Dyreen Suficiencia – Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
Noted by:
Robert G. Quingking
Chairman, IT Department
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
January 23,2009
Mrs. Rowena Alegre
Teacher-in-Charge
Vito National High School
Vito Sagay, Sagay City
Dear Ma’am Alegre,
Good day!
The group of BSIT fourth year students would like to thank you for allowing your students to participate on the preliminary “training needs assessment survey” held at your prestigious school last December 2008.
In this regard, as promised before, the researchers made a thorough analysis of the completed survey questionnaire received from the selected students. The result of the survey reveals that the respondents are in need of training in “PC Operation” and” Computer Application.
Furthermore, the researchers would like to ask for your approval to pursue computer training to the selected students in consonance with the result of the survey on training needs assessment. The training program may last up to five (5) alternative days, e.g. every Friday, depending on your favorable time you will allow them.
Attached, please find a brief overview of the “Computer Training Program – Rationale” for your reference.
For further inquiries, you may contact the researchers through mobile number 09079760240 or you may email them at groupown003@gmail.com.
It’s our pleasure to serve and help you in the best possible way.
Very Respectfully Yours,
Dyreen Suficiencia – Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
Noted by:
Robert G. Quingking
Chairman, IT Department
Computer Training Program – Rationale
Republic of the Philippines
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
TO: Vito national High School
FROM: NNSCST-BSIT Fourth Year Students
RE: Computer Training Program – Rationale
DATE: JANUARY 23,2009
The computer training program primarily rendered by BSIT fourth year students provides basic and intermediate ICT (Information Technology and Communication) skills to selected public high school students in Northern Negros. To facilitate the learning and development of new and existing skills, the researchers/trainers will extend support at no cost to selected students in making efficient and effective use of computers and how it may benefit them in various ways.
The training program may include a single or multiple training module/s in the following technical areas:
1.) PC Operation
2.) Computer Application
3.) Webpage Development
4.) Communication/Internet Tools
5.) Multimedia Tools/ Presentation
The training module is tailored based on the result of the training needs analysis done during the preliminary survey. The module contains a package of training methodologies, training duration and template of the training lessons prepared by the trainers. The training module will serve as a checklist and guide for trainers’ to better assist your students and to assess and complement their ICT skills.
Moreover, the BSIT fourth year students have attended the “Trainers’ Training on IT for Rural Development” a half-day seminar held at NONESCOST on January 15, 2009, with Mr. Samson M. Lausa, MSCS; the Teacher Training Coordinator of CICT Project as their resource speaker.
If additional information is needed contact:
Computer Training Program
Mobile number: [insert you group mobile#]
Email address: [insert your group email add]
Your kind cooperation is very much appreciated.
Truly,
Dyreen Suficiencia – Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
Noted by:
Robert G. Quingking
Chairman, IT Department
Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology
Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
TO: Vito national High School
FROM: NNSCST-BSIT Fourth Year Students
RE: Computer Training Program – Rationale
DATE: JANUARY 23,2009
The computer training program primarily rendered by BSIT fourth year students provides basic and intermediate ICT (Information Technology and Communication) skills to selected public high school students in Northern Negros. To facilitate the learning and development of new and existing skills, the researchers/trainers will extend support at no cost to selected students in making efficient and effective use of computers and how it may benefit them in various ways.
The training program may include a single or multiple training module/s in the following technical areas:
1.) PC Operation
2.) Computer Application
3.) Webpage Development
4.) Communication/Internet Tools
5.) Multimedia Tools/ Presentation
The training module is tailored based on the result of the training needs analysis done during the preliminary survey. The module contains a package of training methodologies, training duration and template of the training lessons prepared by the trainers. The training module will serve as a checklist and guide for trainers’ to better assist your students and to assess and complement their ICT skills.
Moreover, the BSIT fourth year students have attended the “Trainers’ Training on IT for Rural Development” a half-day seminar held at NONESCOST on January 15, 2009, with Mr. Samson M. Lausa, MSCS; the Teacher Training Coordinator of CICT Project as their resource speaker.
If additional information is needed contact:
Computer Training Program
Mobile number: [insert you group mobile#]
Email address: [insert your group email add]
Your kind cooperation is very much appreciated.
Truly,
Dyreen Suficiencia – Cabahug
Instructor, IT for Rural Development
Noted by:
Robert G. Quingking
Chairman, IT Department
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